Web Server

Web Server: A webserver is a Hardware device used to host an eCommerce website. The server supports the entire content of the website such as HTML files, Data bases and Image Files. Web Servers will run on operating systems such as Windows or Linux and will use web server software to manage access requests to the website. Webservers are similar to PC’s however they have faster processors and more memory making it much more powerful.Firewall: A firewall is a software or hardware-based network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analysing the data packets and determining whether they should be allowed through or not, based on a rule set. A firewall establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another network (e. g. , the Internet) that is not assumed to be secure and trusted. Software Browsers: When you design an eCommerce solution it is important to consider how the site is seen on the web.When customers access an o nline shop they will need to use a web browser to load the website. A browser is a software application on a machine that allows someone to access the internet. When a website is loaded in a browser the html code, css, image and information that is stored in a database connected to the website are rendered together to make the site appear in the browser window. When developing an eCommerce site it is important to test that the site appears correctly in all of the main browsers that people use to access the internet such as, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Safari.Operating Systems: An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Web Authoring Tools: web authoring tools are used to develop the front end of a n eCommerce website. A range of software packages can be used .HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language) files can be created in a web authoring package such as Dreamweaver.The html files created by this software will include CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) files that are used to enhance the visual appearance of the site. Other web authoring tools are graphic design packages such as Adobe Photoshop that can be used to design a skin for the user interface design. This skin can then be exported into a html and css combination that is used as the basis for the developing site. Server Software: Web servers need to run software that manages access attempts to a website.When a user tries to access a website the web server software processes the access request and serves up the correct files that have been requested from the client’s machine. Examples include Windows IIS (internet information services) which runs on windows based web servers and Apache which runs on Linux based web servers. Ser ver Software runs in the background and works over a network to allow a browser stored on a client machine to access the files that make up an eCommerce site. Database System: A database system is an important part of an eCommerce website.The database is used to store information about the products for sale on the site. The database will hold information such as store pricing, descriptions, images and other details. In addition to this the customers details are also stored such as what they ordered, payment details, shipping details, phone numbers, emails and lots more. Staff who are responsible for the delivery of items will use the database that is connected to the eCommerce site to ensure all the correct products are sent to the correct customer.It is important to connect securely to the database to ensure that all orders are processed correctly and the business runs smoothly. Technologies such as a PHP (A programming script) and MySQL are used to communicate between the website and the database management system (DBMS). Network TCP/IP: TCP/IP is a protocol used to transfer data and information over a network such as the internet. TCP (Transfer Control Protocol) is a wired connection between different machines on the internet. A protocol is a rule of how connections are set up between two devices. Anyone using the internet to access an eCommerce website will use TCP/IP.IP stands for Internet Protocol and each device on a network has a fully unique IP address. When a shopper tries to access an eCommerce store they do not need to know the IP address of the web server that the store is hosted on but can type a URL such as www. shop. com into a browser window instead. TCP/IP is a complex technology and normally and eCommerce site developer does not have to have in depth knowledge of the protocols but should understand that they exist. Ports: Ports on different devices allow them to connect to other devices stored on the internet.Ports allow a device with one IP address to access another device with a different unique IP address. A device will normally have more than one port, for example when one user wants to send an email to another they will allow access through port 25 as this is normally reserved for email. When a shopper on a client machine wants to access an eCommerce website they will connect IP addresses from their machine to the web server that stores the eCommerce site over port 80. Other Protocols: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules used to communicate information between two devices running on a TCP/IP based network.If the customer online was to request a receipt this would be sent to them using FTP. Domain Names: When starting an eCommerce site it is important to register a recognisable domain name that links to your company and brand. Successful eCommerce companies on the web have recognisable names such as Amazon, eBay, Nike and Argos that make them stand out from the crowd. These are short one word names tha t are easy to remember and suit the company brand. Programming Requirements: When designing an eCommerce site it is important that everything is programmed correctly.Examples of programming that you might need would be embedding JavaScript in your website to increase functionality. PHP might be used to connect the website to the back end database. Complex search queries to find information about your products would need to run on the back end database based on what the shopper is looking for on your site. Security: There are other programming requirements to consider such as embedding security in your site so that customers' credit and debit card information is secure when they purchase from your store.Download speeds: when running an online business it is important to constantly monitor download speeds of your customers using analytic tools such as Google Analytics. You also need to tailor your website so images are as compressed as possible without compromising the quality of the site. All coding and mark-up must run as efficiently as possible so that the site loads as quickly as possible. Internet connection: Internet access connects individual computer terminals, computers, mobile devices, and computer networks to the Internet, enabling users to access Internet services (for example, email and the World Wide Web).Internet service providers (ISP's) offer Internet access to the public through various technologies that offer a wide range of data signalling rates (speeds). Web Hosting Service: A web hosting service is a type of internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations such as eCommerce companies to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server owned or leased for use by clients as well as providing Internet connectivity.

Learning and Memory Essay

If one were to explain what it is to learn something new, they would certainly mention memory somewhere in their explanation. As well as if someone was to explain memory, they certainly would have learning mentioned in their explanation. This is because learning and memory go hand in hand. When one learns, they store what they learned in their memory whether it is short term or long term. It would go without saying that memory and learning has to do with the brain, hence the importance of keeping one’s brain functioning properly by insuring proper stimulation and continuously learning new things. Now, the ability to learn and to memorize what is learned stems from different areas of the brain. The brain is a part of an individual’s neuroanatomy. Neuroanatomy refers to the structure of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of different parts. Those parts are broken up by having the main one being the nervous system, and then it is divided by the central nervous system brain and spinal cord on one end. The other ends are much more complex and, consist of the peripheral nervous system which then branches off to other ones. These each control different parts of the nervous system and give the ability for people to sleep, eat or learn. The part of our nervous system that pertains to learning is the brain. The part in the brain that helps with learning is called the hippocampus. The hippocampus is in the limbic system. It is the part of the brain where the learning that people do in day to day life takes place. Learning is a neurobiological that is important to humans and being able to be conscious. The communication that happens between singular neuroanatomical structures and their abilities to repeat neurophysiologic activities is combined as a network of neural activity. These things occur in the cortex and create different types of learning for people. The movement that is ongoing changes in the synaptic area of the nerves. These active activities make the synaptic connectors stronger with the result of the continuous activity and then this creates memories that help an individual learn and remember what they have learned. It has been taught that learning is not singled out to one certain area of the brain itself. The cerebral cortex is where all the learning is. When a person is learning to read, walk, or talk it occurs here. One of the many different neural processes involved in learning is the synaptic inputs that occur in the brain. When a synaptic input in a certain neuron is combined with two different synapse then; it creates a long term depression or a long term printed memory, this is something that occurs and has been known to create learning involved with motor skills. Learning is mainly either a process that one learns through the brain with the use of classical conditioning and also instrumental conditioning. Our brains respond to the many different things that are in a human’s surroundings. In the process of a human’s learning new things is by the development of a neuron and its effectiveness to make new synaptic connections or reinforcing the strengths of the neurons that are already in place. The relationship between learning and memory has been a subject of much debate among psychologists, teachers, and society in general for many years now. It is what we learn and how we learn it that is responsible for how we live in the world and how we deal with the world around us. Learning has been a fundamental part of our survival ever since Cro-Magnon man. He/she had to learn how to make spears, sharp points, even mastering the bow and arrow was important to the survival and the spread of the human species. Why, though, if humanity has so much â€Å"experience† in learning, then why do we forget things? The brain is the organ that is responsible for what we call the mind. It is the basis for thinking, feeling, wanting, perceiving, learning and memory, curiosity, and behavior. Memory is a fundamental mental process, and without memory we are capable of nothing but simple reflexes and stereotyped behaviors (Okano, 2000). Both the brain and memory are responsible for our learning. The brain assists us in figuring out a solution to the problem and to solve it. Our memory is responsible for storing that information within our brains in case we ever need it for a later date, or if we ever need to apply it to another problem which is similar. During this learning process, our brain is communicating with that section of our mind that is responsible for memorizing methods, actions, and procedures for finding a solution to a given problem. Since our memory is only a mental process and not a â€Å"supercomputer† like the brain, it stands to reason that our memories need to recall different types of information using dissimilar methods. We define memory as a behavioral change caused by an experience, and define learning as a process for acquiring memory. According to these definitions, there are different kinds of memory. Some memories, such as those concerning events and facts, are available to our consciousness; this type of memory is called â€Å"declarative memory. † However, another type of memory, called â€Å"procedural memory,† is not available to consciousness. This is the memory that is needed, for example, to use a previously learned skill (Okano, 2000). When someone is learning something, they assume that they are acquiring the knowledge to write a paper or to build a chair. Actually, all a person is really doing is creating memories for them to recall the information. While we are in the process of creating these memories, our brains are at work in determining the best ways to store them in our memories. This might be learning a piece of music by only playing the 3rd or 4th notes, or by building a chair by starting with top first instead of the bottom. Each person’s brain is different from another person so each method of memorization would be different. This theory has been proven using animals that work together. For instance, one taxonomic group of birds, the oscines or true songbirds, all learn to sing by imitation. To produce biologically functional songs, they need to hear examples of species songs during development, which they commit to memory. They subsequently perfect their song performance by ear and are capable of using both memorized material as well as songs of birds they can hear to produce an acceptable species song (Okano, 2000). Birds, and other animals, have shown that they use memory in order to learn a skill or to work together to achieve a common goal or result. The ability to apply the right knowledge effectively is an important skill and the cornerstone of our success, because we live in the Knowledge Age. People who have not used a computer in 10 years to find an article on the Internet definitely understand strength of knowledge and learning. Learning develops interesting people. Knowledge enables us to have different perspectives, fascinating conversation and a deeper understanding. It makes us well rounded better people; it allows us to make better, informed decisions; and assists us in becoming more successful in our lives and careers. Technology has made our lives become fast paced; the advancement of technology has boosted the pace of our lives, and requires us to learn something new each day just to stay current in the workplace. The day’s on-the-job training is something we can no longer rely on; companies can no longer be the basis to provide the necessary education. We must seek out more education just to keep up. It’s advantageous for everyone to make time for learning, seek out their own opportunities, use available resources wisely, and find new resources. Our children are a good example of how fast technology has increased the need for learning. They our learning how to use technology much earlier than we ever did, it seems like they are born with the ability to operate a computer. Brain stimulation can help with Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain, Major depression, and Tourette syndrome. Stimulating the brain helps to relieve symptoms of these conditions when medications are not working or have major side effects. The stimulation can help people with Parkinson’s disease to manage their symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. Brain stimulation has produced impressive results with some patients with chronic pain, some patients are virtually pain free after treatment and even released from the hospital. Brain stimulation has been found to significantly decrease depression and increase in function. Although highly experimental, brain stimulation has had success. Patients experience reduction in tics and the disappearance of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Lifelong learning and brain stimulation helps to manage and relive a symptom which increases life longevity and quality of life for the patients. Patients who continue to learn and stimulate their minds increase life longevity and quality of life because they are able to eliminate medications which can have very harmful side effects. These medications can actually shorten life and decrease quality of life because of the side effects. Taking medication out of the treatment of any kind will always increase life longevity and quality life. Most of all any time a patient is able to manage and relive symptoms, their life longevity and quality of life will have a great increase. As must as society tells us our physical up keep is so important for our health and life longevity, it would seem keep care of our brain is just as important as well. The brain is a muscle, and it is a part of our nervous system. It controls our breathing, eating, learning, memory, and so much more. Keeping care of our brains allows an individual to learn, remember things, and increase their life longevity as well. It would not seem that is keeping up on learning and remembering what we have learned will make us live longer, however this is how this muscle is exercised! It can also help control and care for one’s mental defects as well. It would seem, no matter what someone is wanting to believe, learning is never finished! REFERENCES Fernandez, A. (2011). Brain Health Business Grows With Research and Demand. Retrieved from http://www. sharpbrains. com/blog/2008/05/20/brain-health-business-grows-with-research-and-demand/ Lopez-Hernandez E. and Solis, H. (2012). Proceedings of the National Academy of Applied Sciences. Retrieved from http://www. pnas. org/content/97/23/12403. full Okano, H. (2000). Learning and memory. Retrieved from http://www. pnas. org/content/97/23/12403. full Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Horatio Alger’s “Ragged Dick” Essay

In the story of â€Å"Ragged Dick†, Horatio Alger tells an inspirational story portraying a hero, Dick, to be the embodiment of individual opportunity in American culture. Dick gains mobility up the socio ­economic ladder through his good virtue and dedication to higher education. Dick is an honest young â€Å"black ­boot† with a second ­rate shared apartment and low vernacular. However, Dick is generous and industrious, while keeping a frugal stance as to know the value of a dollar. while en route of finding new work, a young boy falls into the east river, and the father swears great rewards to the rescuer. Dick, an excellent swimmer, dives off a ferry and saves the boy, without hearing of any reward. The father, a wealthy industrialist himself, rewards Dick by giving him a well ­paying job as a clerk at his office. Dick, now realizing his potential, has allowed himself a new name with his new career, signifying his upward climb on the ladder claiming that he i s finally, â€Å"cut off from the old vagabond life which he hoped never to resume† and sealing his grip upon the American Dream. Alger’s â€Å"rags to riches† story contains valuable tools that can be used to motivate a person’s social psychology, it’s myths can be unrealistic which can lead a person to believe a dream that could be impossible to obtain. The example of valor, hard work, and initiative are concrete tools for one’s toolbox, whereas relying only on gallantry can only go so far in our socio ­economic world. First, you could just take a look into the professions throughout our economy. Art, literature, and education are thrown on the back burner as business degrees are the #1 funded, and sought after, sectors.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 140

Discussion - Essay Example For human beings to fully evolve, they took a form of different hominids which include Australopithecines, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens were developed and resembled the current human beings (LaFreniere, 2011). The race concept is a relic as many scholars have different arguments to the existence of race. Most of scientist claims that the traditional racial difference is based on skin deep because people classify themselves in respect to the skin colour. The white people from America classified themselves in respect to their skin colour. The race was based on the colour of the skin and not genetic make up. Currently, scientist are analysing the issue of race in respect to the genetic make up. Different scientist have different perception on the issue of race as some claim that genetics makes up race while other claim that genetic inheritance does not guarantee similarity. Human beings first appeared in Africa and disappeared from the world due to natural selection as they could not adapt to the environment. As human beings were developing the Homo sapiens found survival tactic and made tools for hunting and gathering (LaFreniere,

Job Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Selection - Essay Example announcing the opening of the jobs in major newspaper and online job services, FEMA will also post such job opening at the universities to cater to students who are about to finish their Master’s degree whom FEMA could entice to join the organization. The job requires of an Information Technology Specialist requires an aptitude for Information Technology, and as such applicants without a background in Information Technology shall be given least preference. Applicants with Master’s degree in Information Technology or a security certification shall be given priority. The function of an Information Technology Specialist requires a high aptitude in computer and programming and it is critical that those skills should be present among the possible candidates. A test that determines a candidate’s competency in computer shall be administered in stages until the applicant’s skill and knowledge in computer is established. Applicants who passed the examination shall be evaluated further in an interview. Experience, attitude and other characteristics that contributes to an ideal job performance shall be evaluated during the interview. The informations that the candidate provided shall be evaluated for accuracy. This is necessary because FEMA involves national security and it is imperative to determine that the candidate is exactly what he or she said she

Forging Ideas and Opinions about Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forging Ideas and Opinions about Music - Essay Example Music continues to shape the world in diverse ways. Its history is as old as time itself. It carries aspects of culture, history, traditions and values, having social, economic and political impact on the society. Music is from various genres that continue to advance with the changing times. American music has drawn a lot from the British and Jewish backgrounds among others and the culture in these have been influential in determining the ideas expressed and the way opinions are shaped. Discriminations on basis of cultural affiliation have been a trending issue in the music industry. In his topic of discussion ‘Highbrow, Lowbrow, Voodoo Aesthetics’, Robert Walser brings up the controversies behind music and races. He notes that the opinions and mindsets among several people in the population have been biased in regards to the racial and cultural affiliations, the whites usually being placed highly, demonstrating what he calls ‘highbrows’. The music does not only affect the musicians by the acceptance they get but also the listeners are given regard based on the music they listen to (Walser 235-237). Classical music continue to have popularity, interviewing heavy metal music lovers Walser found that they viewed metal music as the most important in their lives but were swift to recognize the wisdom and superiority of classical music. However, cultural hierarchy in music does not influence all individuals; some have beaten odds and drawn from other cultures. For example, rock guitarists of have been able to draw from the techniques and procedures in classical music. Eddie Van Halen not only facilitated technological techniques that saw the making of the Baroque models but also showed how to play speedy arpeggios on the guitar. He spearheaded a revolution that also saw a revolution in the rock guitar (Walser 242-3). This has seen as a deviation from the convectional culture of the music. In the 1980s, Randy Rhoads and Yngwie Malmsteen brought a new revolution that saw the development of metal neoclassicism an aspect that attracted other musicians who were haste to copy the advancement. Rhoads was very influential in classical materials of music and was good at teaching and an inspiration to many musicians. The concepts of cultural differences and regard of one over the other among the heavy metal musicians is a demonstration that social strata have been shape in music and are maintained (Walser 244). Opinions on music ca n also be shaped according to the origin of the musicians. America is one of the countries in the world that enjoys huge cultural and historical diversity, aspects that have influenced its music. In view of the Jewish songwriters they were seen to embrace a southern strategy after the first world war, but they still upheld some of the traditions attached to their community (Whitfield 9). The south was influential in attracting the songsmiths to their countries who became dominant in the Tin Pam Alley, but no inspiration was forthcoming resulting to their adoption of the southern culture that they owned and propagated in their works. These Jews were the pioneer shapers of American music, the Tin Pan Alley as coined by Rosenfeld in 1909 in description of a music district that had emerged. In the early days of the 20th Century, the Jewish dominance was evident with the creation of songs such as â€Å"The Girl I Loved in Old Virginia†, a piece that dated way back in 1899 by Max D reyfus among others (Whitfield 13). It was seen that songwriters that were Americans of Jewish origin engaged in writing songs on the traditions of the outsiders especially the people of the south without any major experience about some of these areas. These songwriters started to shape music in taking a global perspective. The initial impression created about the south by Tin Pan Alley painted a lasting image about them, in the songs such as ‘Cotton is King’ that was released in 1855 exposes various issues about cotton in the south

Look at the Assignment Criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Look at the Assignment Criteria - Essay Example The philosophies and principles that form the basis of Islamic banking have been detailed in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad. Islamic banking is seen as the revival of Islam. This is also taken as an expression of the Muslims to live on the principles of Islam. In Malaysia, there is a separate legislation governing the Islamic banks and these co-exist with the traditional banks. The Islamic Banking Act of 1983 vested the powers in the BNM to ensure that the Islamic banks worked under regulation. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) was the first Islamic bank to be established in 1983 and they adhere to the principles as stated in the sharia. (PKUKM, n.d.). By 1992 BIMB spread out all over the country. Very soon it developed a network of 80 branches with 1200 people working in them. Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB), the second Islamic bank, came into existence following the merger of Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad (BBMB) with Bank of Commerce (Malaysia) Berhad (BOCB ). The Islamic banking system can be viable if it fulfills there vital requirements. The number of players in the banking system should be large; they should offer a wide range of financial and banking instruments. Besides, there should be an active Islamic money market (PKUKM, n.d.). In addition, the Islamic banking system should have the characteristics of Islam and work under those principles. BNM played the lead role in disseminating Islamic banking at the national level so that it could reach all Malaysians. The commercial banks too were encouraged to promote Islamic banking products and services from their existing infra structure and branches. This increased the number of institutions that offered Islamic banking products and services within the shortest time and minimum costs. Under the scheme known as "Skim Perbankan Tanpa Faedah" BNM further enhanced the promotion of Islamic banking. The Islamic banks or the

Gestational Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gestational Diabetes - Research Paper Example Fetal and neonatal problems that are linked with GD mainly include amplified risk for miscarriage, stillbirth and macrosomia. A regular check and a good meal plan together with physical activity can help pregnant women with GD to have healthy babies. GESTATIONAL DIABETES INTRODUCTION Gestational Diabetes (GD) as the name suggests refers to the diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It is a serious problem that can be detrimental for both mother and child if not checked regularly. The high blood sugar during pregnancy is mainly linked to the hormonal changes that inhibit the production of insulin. Statistics suggest that about 4 % of all pregnant women have GD. According to the statistical data, in every 100 pregnancy in US, 3 to 8 women get GD that is type-2 diabetes. It is anticipated that about 135,000 cases of GD take place in the US annually (Diabetesinformationhub.com, 2011). Though it is a common problem it is important to keep a check on the blood glucose level because an incr eased glucose level can result in deformities in the baby. In general the fetal and neonatal problems that are linked with GD mainly include amplified risk for miscarriage, stillbirth and macrosomia (Big baby). A regular check and a good meal plan together with physical activity and proper medication can help pregnant women with GD to have healthy babies. ... The main hormones that are responsible in development of placenta during pregnancy are involved in blocking the activity of insulin in the body. In other words the insulin become resistant and does not function normally during pregnancy. Additionally, studies point out that during pregnancy the need of insulin production is about 3 times when compared to normal period. For instance, a mother may require up to three times more insulin for the conversion of glucose to the energy. The need for energy is very high during pregnancy. When body is unable to use insulin due to insulin resistance GD develops. If the high blood glucose level is not kept under check it may lead to hyperglycemia which is dangerous for both mother and child. GD does not usually start until halfway of the pregnancy. It is a common practice to during pregnancy between the 24th and 28th week to receive an oral glucose tolerance test to screen for GD. Women who have risk factors for gestational diabetes may have this test earlier in the pregnancy. Further, the symptoms of GD include blurred vision, fatigue, increased thirst, increased urination, infections in the bladder, vagina and skin, nausea and vomiting and also weight loss in spite of increased appetite (NCBI, 2010). The high risk for GD include the age factor, family history, GD in earlier pregnancies, high urine sugar, high blood pressure, increased amniotic fluid, earlier cases of miscarriages and stillbirths, and also overweight or obese before pregnancy. Chances of GD are high in case the woman is older than 25 years when pregnant. Additionally if the blood relations such as father, mother or siblings of the woman have a history of diabetes, then the chances

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL TRADE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL TRADE - Coursework Example History has shown that developing nations have substantially progressed with the essence of open market operations in international trade. It is not possible for a firm to gain competitive advantage and lead the market competition without the help of internationalization of business. However, it should be analyzed that without the help of strategic planning in business, it is not possible for firms to expand in the competitive international markets. Effective strategies, framed through strategic management principles, help a firm to progress in the long run. This project would consider ways in which the Indian (developing country) consumer goods firm of Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL) would export or initiate its trade in the competitive market of Paris in France (European country) (Godrej, 2013). Research on the Assignment Topic The economy of France, unlike India, is highly developed. Almost all the business segments of the country have progressed (David, 1986). The majorit y of the business segments of the country are privatized, which reasons out the strong competition in the market of France between the companies. The per capita income level of the country has increased from $35900 to $36100 from 2010 to 2012 (CIA, 2013). The high and increasing level of per person income is responsible for the high standard of living in the country. The aggregate demand created by the domestic individuals in the nation, regarding consumer goods services, is high in France. This is because consumer care products are sort of comfort or luxury goods that have a positive income effect. With the rising income of the consumers, the demand for such goods would also increase. High demand in the market has increased the degree of competition of FMCG companies in France. The consumer goods firms already exhibit monopolistic competition with each other in the country. Thus, when the Indian company would formulate its export strategies, it has to clearly understand the busines s market of France. The Indian company should realize that the population of France is 61 million as recorded in 2012 (CIA, 2013). Thus, if it becomes successful in exporting its products in the affluent market of France, then it would enjoy a wide base of customers. Rather, the trade barriers in France are also few as the company’s public authorities impose less restrictions on trade. The government of the country always encourages higher degree of privatization and international trade to augment its level of social welfare. Approximately $577.7 billion worth of goods and services are imported in France (CIA, 2013). This proves that the government of the country is very lenient towards foreign investments. The country has a high international reputation. However, Godrej must realize that the first language of the country is French, so it must have trading employees who are well-versed in French. The rate of taxation imposed by the French government is approximately close to 20% (CIA, 2013). Thus, on the whole, it can be concluded that the French market is a highly competitive, rich and liberal market. The strategic decision adopted by the company, for exports in France, must consider the market conditions of the same explained above. Background Among all the sectors in an economy, the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector is one

Job analysis on complex and senior job roles Essay

Job analysis on complex and senior job roles - Essay Example According to the research findings job analysis is the practice whereby job descriptions as well as the requirements of a particular job are put into perspective. To conduct successful job analysis, it is vital that data on various jobs are collected and analyzed. Analysis of leadership capacity among senior officials has indicated to be an uphill task for many officials in the organizations and Byham, et al. It is in light to this argument that, a myriad of assessment tools have been devised over the years. This essay shall aim at giving the definition of job analysis and the importance of conducting job analysis on complex and senior job roles. Job analysis as discussed above is a task that cannot be alienated if the organization or business has to succeed. Carrying job analysis of senior positions is really worth and applicable to the contemporary workplaces. According to Oswald job analysis takes shape in three forms. First, the job tasks have to be clearly outlined by the employ ers prior to employment, then the job duties well stipulated, and finally the job responsibilities given to the employees. A clear understanding of these attributes creates a situation whereby there will be minimal confusion on what functions each employee is supposed to serve in the course of carrying the duties in the workplace. An application of job analysis on employees of senior positions can equally benefit form clear depiction of job description, responsibilities, and duties. Through these, the senior employees will have a clear understanding of what confines they ought to operate within and what steps to take if the terms put in place are breached. This is according to Valet & Palmer (2001) who hold the belief that no organization can operate without the inclusion of the systematic gathering of information that pertain to giving a clear outline of what employees need to do in a particular job. Job analysis among the senior employees, according to Wilson & Dierdorff (2005) is useful for planning in terms of human resource and counseling the employees on issues regarding their careers. As discussed earlier, job analysis is inclusive of job descriptions and job duties. It is only through job analysis that employees specify at what levels they expect to be promoted and what they are willing to offer to attain such levels. Employees of senior job roles can benefit in such instances as they have specific roles to play and have to report on the kind of job they have completed after a specific time period. In this case, therefore, it becomes easier to weigh the ability of specific senior employees and the roles they perform. Additionally, it becomes easier to assess promotion methodologies on such employees performing such senior roles. Job analysis is useful for training employees in the organization. Job analysis is vital for making decisions regarding the training needs of the employees (Wilson & Harvey, 2000).This can be done through

Progressive Era through the Great Depression Research Paper - 1

Progressive Era through the Great Depression - Research Paper Example Some of these include the end of American isolationism when it entered a war with Spain between 1895 and 1898, the moment when American women were given the right to vote in 1917, and America’s entry into the First World War in April 1917 (Stein, 2009). Other turning points were the stock market crash in October 29, 1929 which precipitated the Great Depression, the day when John Glenn became the first man to orbit the earth in 1962, America’s entry into the Vietnam War in 1959, and the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (Stein, 2009). In recent years, America has been transformed by the advent of personal computers in the 1980s and the terrorist attack in New York in 2001. Historical Events that shaped American Society The Revolutionary War and the Civil War each greatly affected the then young America (Stein, 2009). The revolutionary war guaranteed the nation’s sovereignty and the Civil War helped to enforce the significance of the federal government over t he state governments. When World War One ended more than two decades later, America was resentful for having been forced to use its resources to fight a war in which it had no spoils. This resulted in a re-newed focus on isolationism. This isolationism would cause America to stay out of the Second World War until its own shores were attacked by a member of the Axis powers. On discovering the atrocities visited on Europe’s Jews by Germany, America experienced a sense of guilt for maintaining its isolationist policy while Adolph Hitler executed millions of innocent human beings. This guilt would result in the US taking an active role in the affairs of other nations- thereby earning the moniker ‘the World’s policeman’. This involvement was evident in the creation of the United Nations, involvement in the Korean War, the many attempts to curb Communism, and the launch of the war against terror. America’s development of social security was another change that resulted the Great Depression; which proved to Americans that their economy would not always economy be on the rise. In the 60s, the social revolution caused by the civil rights movement forced America to examine race relations and look for ways to truly ensure that all citizens were treated equally. Why women earned the right to vote in the frontier states of the West before eastern and southern states It was in Wyoming where women were first given the right to vote. Soon, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho also allowed their women to vote. Wyoming’s reasons for allowing women to vote were not tied to any idealism but were rather aimed at curbing the existing shortage of women in the state. By ratifying this act, Wyoming hoped to draw more women. Another reason is that Western states were basically being created out of undeveloped woodlands. This called for all types of labor that could be availed. Women worked tirelessly in clearing woodlands and farming alongside the men. Thi s earned them a respect that was not enjoyed by their counterparts in eastern states. How women and minorities have changed American Culture In the past, most women and Minorities were openly discriminated against. Most of the time, they were given menial jobs at very low pay (Sage, 2010). There acceptance into the American mainstream workforce has resulted in the acceptance in American society that individuals should not be judged on the basis of their ethnicity

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Example for Free

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Introductions: Have you or have you had someone, that was near and dear to your family and hearts, pass away and think to yourself â€Å"If medical technology was just a little more advance, they might have been able to still be here with me today? † Or was their life, cut from your life to soon, because of the need for more advancements in the medical pharmaceutical side of things such as medications and treatments. Maybe, even be able to give them the therapeutic device that would have been able to give them a longer life expectancy? One thing to think about is that over the past thirty years advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology has greatly improved the life quality and expectancy of many human beings. (What kind of introduction did you write for your expository essay? Asked a question What other types of introductions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Providing a startling statistic. Include interesting facts about the subject. What makes your introduction type more effective than another introduction type for your particular essay? By asking a question to the reader, the way that I have asked a question makes it personal to the reader and makes them think and want to read more about what I have written. ) Conclusions: My husband and I believe that if Stem Cell research was around years ago when he was first diagnosed by Type I Diabetes, that he would not have to worry so much about his blood sugars going high or low all the time. Now with the advancements in therapeutic devices, we are able to go to a specialized diabetic doctor (known as a Endocrinologist) and be able to help him get on a Medtronic Insulin Pump, that will help him with getting his sugars stable and give him the right amount of insulin that his body needs to function properly like you and I do. On the bright side due to the fact that there are advancements in medical technology with the therapeutic side of things, there is a small variety of insulin pumps on the market today that he is able to choose from that will fit to his personal needs and wants. With medical personnel continuing to improve upon advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology, there will be more people out there, such as I that will not have to lose their loved ones before their time. (What kind of conclusion did you write for your expository essay? I think that by finishing up with another question it will hopefully convince the reader that everything I have provided will have them agreeing with my essay. Also something that would be more effective would be to provide an ironic twist, a surprising observation. What other types of conclusions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Restating the thesis or summarizing the main points of my essay What makes your conclusion type more effective than another conclusion type for your particular essay? By providing an ironic twist, with a surprising observation from my own personal life might help the reader understand more of why I was so passionate about writing about those things in my essay. )

The Conclusion Recommendations Construction Essay

The Conclusion Recommendations Construction Essay From the unstructured interview it appears that Anthony is somewhat frustrated with the lack of support for timber frame housing. Anthony has successfully constructed two five-storey apartment blocks of timber frame without any problems, yet the public are concerned about two storey timber structures. More needs to be done to market the benefits of timber frame housing and to educate the public. Although Anthony suggests that timber frame construction will become more popular in the future due to new building regulations requiring increased thermal performance and the Code for Sustainable Homes, it cannot be expected to happen overnight. Despite the governments drive for sustainable developments and using renewable construction materials, such as timber, their support to the timber industry is limited. However, the timber industry cannot wait any longer in the hope that the government will help to persuade the public to construct their homes of timber frame. The timber industry need to take the initiative and invest in marketing techniques that are beneficial to the industry. The government, designers, builders and developers all have a major part to play in raising the awareness of timber frame construction. Over three-quarters of Anthonys work is in the public sector. With government funding reducing year on year and limited profits to be made from public housing Anthony is dependent on private houses. He is keen to do more bespoke timber frame houses but until public perception changes he knows bespoke timber frame houses are sparse. 8.0 conclusion Recommendations 8.1 Introduction After carrying out the primary and secondary research, a thorough understanding of timber frame construction has been developed. It is felt that all requirements set out in the aims and objectives have been achieved. The literature review discussed in detail the current state of timber frame construction in the United Kingdom and the important role it has in the future of the construction industry. The various components, design parameters and regulations of timber frame construction were discussed in detail. Timber frame was compared against traditional masonry in many aspects throughout the research. The case studies demonstrated how flexible timber frame design and construction can be. The interview and questionnaires highlighted the many factors that are restraining timber frame construction in Northern Ireland and what can be done to help it progress. 8.2 Conclusion Traditionally, houses in the UK and Ireland are constructed of brick and mortar, and timber frame is seen as an alternative method of construction. There are many barriers preventing timber frame from progressing from an alternative method of construction into a mainstream competitor of traditional masonry. In the housing sector, it appears timber frame construction is suffering due to the publics negative perception. As was shown in the questionnaire, although a large number of the public recognise the benefits of timber frame construction they are still wary of it and the majority would prefer to build their own homes using traditional masonry. The questionnaire also highlighted the problems the public perceived timber frame construction to have, such as structural instability, poor fire resistance, poor value on the property and limited design. Timber frame construction is the most popular form of construction used throughout the world, but here in Northern Ireland it is seen as cheap and fragile and as a result people do not rate it on the same level as traditional masonry. This investigation has proven all the perceived problems to be untrue and established there is a general lack of understanding, knowledge and widespread availability of information, which has led to the public resisting change from traditional forms of construction. The construction industry is traditionally conservative towards new methods of construction hence many developers and contractors believe it to be a substantial risk to incorporate timber frame construction into their private housing schemes. Housing associations are keen to use timber frame as they want to achieve level 3 of the Code for Sustainable Homes with minimal costs while benefitting from the accuracy and minimal waste that prefabrication offers. Private developers will not use timber frame construction until they are certain the public are prepared to purchase a timber frame home as they do not want to devalue their site. A perceived problem within the industry was the unfamiliarity of timber frame from design through to construction. There is some unease within the industry regarding timber frame construction, whilst some are accepting it; others are oblivious to its existence. The construction industry, as a whole, need to start to familiarise themselves with timber frame design, timber frame detailing and timber frame construction. For timber frame construction to develop, its critical that the industry professionals accept timber frame construction and pass the benefits onto clients. Although the case studies demonstrated that timber frame is a versatile method of construction, until public and industry appreciation of the benefits of timber frame increases, masonry construction will remain the dominant form of construction within the UK. It is important that the benefits of timber frame construction are well demonstrated in order to gain acceptance within the industry and the general public. Upon examination of the information collected during the course of this investigation, it appears that timber frame construction has the ability to be used in the construction of complex bespoke homes. Timber frame construction can offer the public and the industry many benefits, however, the research indicates that until timber frame perception changes, it will struggle to impact Northern Ireland in a way that it potentially could. With new building regulations, due to be released in the second half of 2010, a further increase in regulations due in 2013, zero carbon homes in 2016 and the introduction of The Code for Sustainable Homes; it is likely timber frame will grow in popularity due to its thermal ability and environmentally friendly nature. However, public and industry awareness need to increase before the significance of timber frame construction can be fully appreciated. 8.3 Limitations The questionnaires had to be short and concise, and not overly technical to keep the interest of the respondent. This could have resulted in insufficient data being collected. Although a total of sixty questionnaires were distributed in the North West, only forty were returned. To achieve a broader spectrum of results more questionnaires could have been handed out and posted to further regions of the province, such as Belfast. The single interview conducted was very beneficial in getting a timber frame manufacturers view on different aspects of the industry. Although arrangements were in place to interview another two timber frame manufacturers, the interviews never materialised. It would have been beneficial to conduct further interviews to gather a wider range of views. The two case studies provided an insight into two opposing timber frame structures. It would have been constructive to investigate a second bespoke house to gain a further insight into the methods used to construct bespoke timber frame homes. 8.4 Recommendations When carrying out research for this investigation the public, and some professions within the construction industry, appeared to have a negative perception of timber frame construction. A further area that could be investigated is how these negative perceptions can be changed. Further research could be undertaken into marketing campaigns to increase awareness of timber frame construction. Investigate how advertising and promotion could be used to educate people on the benefits of timber frame construction and see if government support is required. Another area of further research could be industrial training. There is a lack of knowledge within the industry about timber frame design and detailing. An investigation into how further timber training is required within the industry. Possibly there are not enough courses and support available, or maybe there is no government funding therefore no incentive for employers to send their workforce. Timber frame design and detailing could also be looked at in university courses. Napier are offering timber engineering degrees, this is possibly the way of the future.

Health Public Service Advertising Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay

Health Public Service Advertising Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay The flurry of advertisements associated with public service campaigns raises several questions regarding its worth and effectiveness. Public service advertisements (PSA) or announcements are promotional material that addresses problems assumed to be of general concern to citizens at large. PSA typically attempt to increase public awareness of such problems and their possible solutions, and in many instances also try to influence public beliefs, attitudes, and behavior concerning them (OKeefe, 1990). Most of the PSA deal with health of personal safety topics, including alcohol and drug abuse, preventive health care, traffic safety, nutrition etc. Some PSA also include environmental issues, educational and literacy issues, consumer issues, and general humanitarian concerns like hygiene and cleanliness issues. Mass media audiences are generally attentive and give positive reactions to such advertisements. Healthcare in India is the responsibility of constituent states and territories of India. The Constitution charges every state with raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties. The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in 2002. Health related public service campaigns are the advertising campaigns that are run by the government to create awareness among public about diseases which are very dangerous. The Government of India has introduced various health programme and policies to improve the Indian citizens standard of living. Government chooses number of mediums to reach to the masses. For this the government uses television, newspaper, hoardings and radio. Sometimes rallies are also organized to create awareness among people. The example of these kind of campaigns are AIDS awareness campaign run by the government under the banner of national AIDS control organization (NACO), Campaign for tuberculosis, malaria and polio are other examples. Sometimes famous celebrities are taken in the advertisements to create more impact. The study has been undertaken with an objective to measure the effectiveness of health related public service advertisement campaigns which are run by the government of India. The study included three campaigns which are malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS, Over the years, an increasing level of insecticide-resistance has developed in the malarial vectors in many parts of the country, while the incidence of the more deadly P-Falciparum Malaria has risen to about 50 percent in the country as a whole. In respect of TB, the public health scenario has not shown any significant decline in the pool of infection amongst the community, and there has been a distressing trend in the increase of drug resistance to the type of infection prevailing in the country. A new and extremely virulent communicable disease HIV/AIDS has emerged on the health scene. As there is no existing therapeutic cure or vaccine for this infection, the disease constitutes a serious threat, not merely to public health but to economic development in the country also. (NHP 2002) Literature Review Public service advertising (PSA) campaigns are widespread around the Globe. Public service announcements are a type of advertising, sponsored by either government agencies or other organizations, to promote causes and activities generally considered socially desirable (Garbett, 1981). PSAs use paid as well as donated media for creating awareness for social issues. Such advertising is generally produced and distributed on a cooperative basis by governmental agencies or nonprofit organizations working in cooperation with private advertising and mass media companies. Generally the content or programming, while the participating advertising agency and media companies provide creative services, media planning and dissemination services on a not for profit basis. Studies have found no distinction in the effectiveness with the either type of media. Based on self-reported behavior from sample surveys and official count s of incapacitating and fatal highway accidents, in three market field ex periments comparing the effectiveness of Paid versus Donated Media in decreasing youth male drinking and driving, the study found both type of media strategies to be equally effective (Murry Jr., 1996). The placement of PSAs has long been debated and earlier studies reveal that most of the PSAs were being placed during non-prime time especially between 7am to 6pm on weekdays (Hannmen et al, 1973). However recent analysis of advertising pattern indicates more favorable time distribution. Same pattern has been observed in India also. In a study to explore effects of message framing of health advertisements and individual differences in temporal orientation on consumer risk perceptions, attitude, and behavioral intentions, Consumers temporal orientation moderates ad-framing effects related to goal pursuit strategies. The study demonstrates that a fit between a goal pursuit strategy (GPS) manipulation in the ad and consumers chronic regulatory focus increases the effectiveness of the advertisement, but the regulatory fit effect is moderated by temporal orientation (Kees, 2010). Exposure to the PSA had no discernible effects on HIV-related knowledge, but did affect perceptions. Compared with an unexposed control group, students exposed to the PSA estimated seeing more HIV- and AIDS-related PSAs and rated the usefulness of TV PSAs lower, at the same time were more likely to rate their chances of contracting HIV as low or none. The respondents expressed less desire to obtain more information. The use of an all-mnemonic phone number resulted in a threefold increase in recall of the CDC National AIDS Hotline phone number, but did not affect intentions to call. Overall, the results reaffirm the importance of deploying strategies that go beyond reliance on either a single PSA or TV PSAs alone to affect knowledge, perceptions, or intentions (Nowak, 1993). A study to judge effectiveness of PSAs found that it is necessary to conduct empirical research to determine the critical variables influencing a given behavior also there is a need to critically evaluate the potential effectiveness of a given PSA. As all PSAs might not be equally effective and some even might have negative effect. To be effective the PSA need to provide new information and perceived as realistic (Fishbein, 2002). Public service campaigns are often developed without prior assessment of target audience felt needs and perceptions; audience are not segmented into subgroups indicated by these characteristics, and message and material development proceeds without pretesting the effect of such factors as message clarity, appeals or presenters with target audience (Bratic, 1981). Although testing message in pre-finished form, the producer can identify and correct, potential weaknesses and corrections would be time and budget affordable. In absence of a standardized Health message testing service, effectiveness needs to be checked through post testing. Studies like this one can offer implications for theory, as well as for creators of public service advertising campaigns. North Coast Area Health Service (NCAHS) conducted a seven week television advertising campaign to raise community awareness of the availability of free adult pneumococcal vaccination and to increase coverage among North Coast residen ts. Effectiveness of the campaign was evaluated by examining vaccine ordering patterns of North Coast vaccination providers keeping previous year as a base. In the months during and immediately following the advertising campaign, a significantly higher proportion of vaccines were dispatched to North Coast immunization service providers (Wallace, 2008). An intervention approach using culturally sensitive mass media messages to enhance protective beliefs and behavior of African American adolescents at risk for HIV is suggested by Romer, 2009. This approach exploits the potential that mass media messages have, not only to reach a large segment of the adolescent population and thereby support normative change, but also to engage the most vulnerable segments of this audience to reduce HIV-associated risk behaviors. This study provides further evidence that if a media campaign achieves high exposure and is developed on the basis of careful formative research; it can be an effective HIV-pr evention tool for reaching high-risk youth within communities that need them the most. PSAs containing strong verbal claims are rated as more effective than those with weak claims. Arousing messages with weak claims are perceived as least effective. Surprisingly in this study increasing claim strength increased memory for negative but not for positive messages. It is suggested that the combination of intense emotional appeal and weak claims may be partially responsible for the boomerang effects in antidrug campaigns (Lang, 2008). In a study to investigate the consequences of using national celebrities, local celebrities and disaster victims as spokespersons in a public service radio announcement (PSA) soliciting contributions for victims of Hurricane Katrina, it was found that the hurricane victim was the most credible and believable spokesperson. The national celebrity, Ashlee Simpson, was the least credible and the least believable. The local celebrity was more credible and believ able than the national celebrity, but no more so than the hurricane victim (Toncar, 2007). No studies were found in Indian context regarding effectiveness of PSA. An attempt is being made to explore this area through this empirical study. Research Design Research Objective To Study the effectiveness of Public Service Awareness Campaigns in diseases such as Malaria , T.B. AIDS. Methodology The present investigations were descriptive in nature with survey being used as the major research approach. The study used survey method of obtaining information, which is based on the interrogation of respondents through a structured questionnaire. Scope of the study Being self-funded the study was confined to Ahmedabad city of India. The city is one of the most important urban centers of country and represents diversity of India. Sampling Plan The Population: The study is carried out in Ahmedabad city of India. The total urban population of city becomes population for the study. Sampling Unit: Sampling units for the study is individual. From the above population, all the respondents who have seen any of the selected advertisements for the study were defined as sampling unit for the purpose of the study. Sampling technique: Non probability convenience sampling was used. Care was taken to make the sample representative of the actual population. Size of the Sample: Respondents for the study were 150. Instrument for data collection For data collection a survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted. To Measure effectiveness a questionnaire consisting of open and close ended questions was used. The questionnaire included scale developed by-Leavitt, Clark. (1970). A Multidimensional Set of Rating Scales for Television Commercials, Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 427-429, to judge effectiveness of advertisements apart from other open and close ended questions regarding use of celebrities and other executional aspects of the advertisements. The comprehensive scale gives effectiveness of Advertisements using Forty Five items with eight dimensions like Energetic, Amusing, Personal Relevance, Authoritative, sensual, Familiarity, Novel and Disliked. Results Recall of the advertisements Advertisement of AIDS was highest watched followed by TB and Malaria. Suitable Media Best suited media for creating awareness through PSAs was found to be Television followed by Print. Road shows or rally were not found to be very effective media for communicating health related social issues. Impact of Celebrity/ Religious leaders People strongly agreed to impact of Celebrity and Religious Leaders in creating awareness through PSAs (Mean 3.84). In terms of source credibility i.e. effectiveness of Celebrity endorsers in PSAs, Mean score for Attractiveness (4.50) was highest followed by Trustworthiness (3.93) and Expertise (3.61). It implies that popular celebrities are helpful in drawing attention of masses towards the campaign. Merely appearance in the advertisement increases the recall of the advertisement and thus increasing effectiveness of PSA. Useful Information Communicated by the campaign As evident from high mean score (3.37), people do believe that they gain useful information from the PSAs. Effectiveness of Advertisements To judge the effectiveness 45 item Levitts reaction profile was used. The scale has eight dimensions giving effectiveness of the advertisements. Responses were collected on a 5 point scale where 1 indicated does not fit and 5 indicated fits extremely well. The scores for last dimensions were reverse coded to judge overall effectiveness of the advertisements. As can be seen scores for personal relevance, familiarity and disliked (reverse coded) are higher. Thus it can be inferred that the respondents find advertisement to be meaningful and relevant as well as they have seen those advertisements many times indicating familiarity with the advertisements. The score for Disliked dimensions were high (reverse coded) indicating people liked the public service advertisements. TABLE 1: EFFECTIVENSS OF PUBLIC SERVICE ADVERTISEMENTS (LEVITTS REACTION PROFILE) Effectiveness of PSA Dimension Mean score TB Malaria AIDS Energetic 2.48 2.58 2.62 Amusing 2.52 2.43 2.46 Personal Relevance 3.43 3.36 3.46 Authoritative 2.74 2.73 2.85 Sensual 2.53 2.61 2.76 Familiarity 3.10 3.09 3.27 Novel 2.88 2.80 2.82 Disliked 3.65 3.61 3.60 Overall Mean 2.90 2.89 2.96 Factor Analysis: There are two preconditions for running factor analysis. They are measure of sampling adequacy should be greater than 0.5 and second being determinant value should be non zero. For all the factor models ran as mentioned in table 1, both these conditions are satisfied. TABLE 2: ALTERNATIVE FACTOR MODELS Scale Number of factors Factor Model Explained variation Number of factors TB 12 e>1 76% TB 08 Eight factors 66.7% Malaria 12 e>1 75.9% Malaria 08 Eight factors 65.5% Aids 12 e>1 76.11% Aids 08 Eight factors 65.5% TB By factor analysis, it is inferred that when we solve for eight factor solution, we are able to deduce eight factors like energetic, mix of amusing and novel, personal relevance, authoritative, sensual, familiarity disliked factors. When we solve for eigen value greater than one, we deduce 12 factors. The factor structure for eight factor solution is more clean compared to eigen value greater than one solution. But, it is less precise than provided by the scale. Malaria Factor analysis was conducted and eight factor solution had a better fit compared to eigen value greater than one solution. The factors deduced from eight factor solution are namely, mix of amusing and dislike, novel, sensual, authoritative, familiarity, energetic, personal relevance a mix of personal relevance authoritative dimensions. Aids Factor analysis was conducted and eight factor solution had a better fit compared to eigen value greater than one solution. The factors deduced from eight factor solution are namely, Mix of energetic, Sensual, Disliked Amusing, Energetic, Authoritative, Mix of familiarity Novel, Personal Relevance 1 Personal Relevance 2. Difference in perception of respondents of different demographic segments regarding effectiveness of public service advertisements As can be seen from table 3, we can infer that for disease TB, the difference in scores for amusing and personal relevance dimensions of Leavitts reaction profile scale for respondents across different income levels is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. Also, the difference in scores for energetic, amusing, authoritative, sensual, novel and disliked factors of the scale for respondents of different age brackets is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. The difference in scores on energetic, amusing and disliked dimensions of the scale is statistically significant for male and female respondents. Similarly from table 4, we can infer that for disease Malaria, the difference in scores for personal relevance dimension for respondents across different income levels is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. Also, for disease AIDS, the difference in scores for personal relevance, energetic, amusing, authoritative, sensual, novel and disliked factors for respondents of different income levels are statistically significant. The difference in scores on energetic, amusing, personal relevance, sensual, novel and disliked factors for respondents of different age brackets are statistically significant. Also, the difference in scores on energetic, amusing, personal relevance, novel and disliked dimensions for male and female respondents are statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. TABLE 3: ANOVA RESULTS FOR DISEASE TB Between Groups Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Income Levels Amusing 22.905 4 5.726 4.527 .002 Personal Relevance 4.313 4 1.078 3.216 .015 Age Levels Energetic 12.451 3 4.150 6.704 .000 Amusing 21.245 3 7.082 5.587 .001 Authoritative 5.178 3 1.726 3.488 .017 Sensual 9.145 3 3.048 5.708 .001 Novel 10.164 3 3.388 7.532 .000 Disliked 19.897 3 6.632 10.750 .000 Gender Energetic 3.169 1 3.169 4.706 .032 Amusing 12.539 1 12.539 9,578 0.002 Disliked 9.541 1 9.541 14.060 0.000 TABLE 4: ANOVA RESULTS FOR DISEASE MALARIA Between Groups Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Income Levels Personal Relevance 5.501 4 1.375 3.511 .009 Age Levels Energetic 10.926 3 3.642 9.089 .000 Amusing 17.485 3 5.828 9.304 .000 Authoritative 4.245 3 1.415 3.850 .011 Sensual 9.945 3 3.315 5.810 .001 Novel 6.597 3 2.199 4.206 .007 Disliked 15.923 3 5.308 8.339 .000 Gender Between Groups Sum of squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Energetic 2.370 1 2.370 5.231 0.024 Amusing 3.968 1 3.968 5.594 0.019 Disliked 5.423 1 5.423 7.759 .006 TABLE 5: ANOVA RESULTS FOR DISEASE AIDS Between Groups Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Income Levels Energetic 6.645 4 1.661 2.906 .024 Amusing 9.031 4 2.258 2.903 .024 Personal Relevance 7.443 4 1.861 5.770 .000 Novel 4.642 4 1.160 2.887 .025 Age Levels Energetic 7.310 3 2.437 4.327 .006 Amusing 9.007 3 3.002 3.886 .010 Personal Relevance 3.570 3 1.190 3.432 .019 Authoritative 5.125 3 1.708 4.178 .007 Sensual 11.302 3 3.767 3.062 .030 Novel 7.075 3 2.358 6.165 .001 Disliked 10.409 3 3.470 5.458 .001 Gender Energetic 4.605 1 4.605 8.024 .005 Amusing 6.750 1 6.750 8.682 .004 Personal Relevance 1.565 1 1.565 4.400 0.038 Novel 2.282 1 2.282 5.570 .020 Disliked 3.667 1 3.667 3.667 .021 Effectiveness in terms of preventive measures From the survey it was revealed that people have taken proper preventive measures after watching advertisement of public service campaigns. More than 94% respondents agreed to the fact. As per the survey people think AIDS is the most harmful diseases than T.B. and Malaria. From the survey it can conclude that most of the respondents (57%) have provided BCG Malaria vaccine to their child but still a good number of respondents are there who have yet not provide these vaccines to their child (43%). It shows that either these diseases are not considered to be as severe by the respondents or awareness for availability of vaccine for these two diseases is low. Majority of respondents (73% ) were found to be are aware of free government services that is run by government in their area for diseases like AIDS, T.B and Malaria. Discussion Recall for AIDS advertisement was highest followed by TB and Malaria. Celebrities were found to be effective in PSAs. Celebrities were found to be high in attractiveness and thus adding more credibility to the campaign. Respondents believed that they gained useful information from the public service campaigns. Television was found to be the most effective media for PSAs. Overall effectiveness of all PSAs was found to be high. As evident from the above findings it can be concluded that people have good exposure to the public service campaigns and find advertisements to be relevant. People liked the PSAs. Clear factor structure has not emerged as compared to the standardized scale. Some dimensions were not deduced in case of all three cases. Differences were found amongst different demographic segments of consumers regarding perception towards the advertisements, signifying importance of tailoring the advertisements for different demographic segments. From the survey it was revealed th at people have taken proper preventive measures after watching advertisement of public service campaigns. Most of the respondents have provided BCG Malaria vaccine to their child but still a good number of respondents are there who have yet not provide these vaccines to their child. It shows that either these diseases are not considered to be as severe by the respondents or awareness for availability of vaccine for these two diseases is low. Thus it is imperative for government to promote vaccination for the said ailments. Aware ness of free government services run by government in their area for diseases like AIDS, T.B and Malaria was found to be high. Limitations and Future Research Limitations associated with non probability sampling techniques go with this study also but due care was taken to make sample representative of the actual population. Further research can focus on lifestyle and personality factors of the respondents that might shape their perceptions towards the public service advertisements.

Soil Spatial Variability of Fluoride as Affected by Land Uses Essay

Abstract— Fluoride (F) is an essential element for life. At low concentrations, it is generally believed that fluoride deficiencies can arise, but at high fluoride concentrations other deleterious effects can certainly transpire. This study was conducted to evaluate F content and its spatial variability in Isfahan province. This area covers different land uses including agricultural, industrial, urban and uncultivated lands. Two hundred and fifty five topsoil samples (0- 20 cm) in a study area of 6800 km ² were collected. Total fluoride and water soluble fluoride were measured. The results of this research showed that two forms of soil F were controlled by intrinsic factors such as parent material and extrinsic factors such as fertilization. The total fluoride concentration in 96% of the data was less than the globule suggested average (200 mg kg†¾Ã‚ ¹) and water soluble fluoride concentration in 72 % of the samples exceeded the suggested averaged(0.5 mg kg†¾Ã‚ ¹). Key words- water soluble fluoride; total fluoride; kriging; spatial distribution I. INTRODUCTION Fluorine is one of the essential micronutrient for both human and animals. It is present in soils, rocks, water and the biological chains of animal and plant lives [13]. The F concentrations vary in relation to many factors such as geogenic and anthropogenic processes. A large number of industries emit F in atmosphere, including brick and tile manufactures, steel and aluminum manufacture and the production of phosphoric acid, super phosphate fertilizer and elementary phosphorus [9]. Application of phosphate fertilizers, sewage sludges and some pesticides also bring F to soil [6] but the majority of any added F becomes fixed by one or more of soil components [11] and F may... ...ater soluble fluoride in the soils were 100.7 and 0.9 mg kg†¾Ã‚ ¹, respectively. Also, the results of this study show that the urban and agricultural activities have significantly increase the concentration of F in surface soils of the study region. The application of phosphate fertilizers and sewage sludge and some pesticides in our study agricultural land bring fluoride to the soil. On the other hands, in urban and industrial regions, fluoride is brought to the soil surface by fall out of particulate fluorides and through absorption of fluorides in rain and snow. But the soils in central Iran are alkaline and calcareous. So, most of the added fluorides to the soil is either effectively fixed by the soil component such as clay, Ca and P. Anthropogenic activities were an important factor controlling the spatial distribution of soil F concentration.

Essay --

Research Paper: Role of Women in Greek Mythology In my readings I have discovered that women in ancient Greece played a big role in society. Unlike many other societies, women were able to play an important role in things like religion and politics and were viewed as valued members of society. This is something that’s very uncommon in early Western civilization, as women were mainly oppressed throughout most of our history. As I continued my research on the role of women in Ancient Greek civilization, I found that many of their predominant mythological figures are also strong women. Women played a big role in Greek religion and they were worshiped no less than male figures. Many of the Greek goddesses are depicted as strong, powerful and yet still feminine figures. A few examples of their strength and intelligence are depicted in the stories of Hera, Athena, and more. Each of these female goddesses are considered key parts of Greek mythology and have clearly made an impact on how Greeks view women in their society. I believe that it is particularly because of how important the goddesses were to Greek mythology that women were able to be such key parts of Greek society as a whole. According to Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity by Sarah B. Pomeroy girls in ancient Greece were taught to be physically strong. They took part in many physical activities like sports along with boys. Pomeroy also states that women played a big role in religious festivals (Pomeroy). â€Å"Spartan women were put through physical training†¦ They could own their own land (as much as 40% of Spartan land in the fourth century BC was owned by women). Sayings of Spartan women were collected and became the essence of the Sp... ... fully naked statue of the goddess Aphrodite was created at the very beginning of the Hellenistic age- and, increasingly, rulers in their won right† (Scott). The Greek goddesses and their portrayal in Greek mythology set a standard in which Greek women followed, to do their best to be equals to men and now allow themselves to feel oppressed. In conclusion, religion played a very prominent role in the empowerment of women in Ancient Greece. Thanks to the beautiful portrayal of women in Greek mythology, the women of Greece were respected and had the ability to affect change in their society. The stories of Hera, Athena Odysseus, and Circe have all helped shape the structure of women in Greek society. Each of story showing a different face of women, all of them playing just as important parts in Greek worship and daily Greek life as their male counterparts.

Global Warming Essay -- Greenhouse Effect Climate Change

Global Warming The issue is extremely interesting, scary and a bit of a shock as to how much we have abused and taken advantage of this Earth. First of all, it is important to know that the "greenhouse effect" is not a bad thing in itself. In fact, this planet would be a life-less waste land without its natural greenhousing. There are a collection of gases called "greenhouse gases," which are water vapor, carbine dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). Without the natural greenhouse effect, the surface temperature of our planet would be an average of -18 °C (zero degrees F). The mixture of these gases have remained pretty much stable over the centuries and have kept us all living. But here we are in the late nineties, and we are not so stable anymore. Our activities and what we use to perform our activities is increasing year-to-year, many of them doubling and tripling. It's a case of the amount of gases that Earth produces naturally vs. the amount of gases produced manually by us. There are many reasons why. Let me ask a few questions. Do you drive? How about using those disposable diapers that never disintegrate? Do you smoke? How about garbage or junk burning? Do you BBQ? Where do you work? Do you have an air-conditioner? Do you separate your garbage, use hair spray, spray deodorant, spray paint, flea spray, perfume, kitchen spray cleaner, bleach in your laundry, bleach in your hair, use a freezer, use an air conditioner in your car, use your fireplace, have a growing collection of newspaper and magazines, throw away food, use paper and plastic food containers, use bug spray, use lawn pesticides etc†¦ The effects of the huge overuse of these items of luxury plus all the other unmentioned items and activities plays havoc on our atmosphere. We didn't worry about this 100 years ago, and the industrial revolution is the culprit for a large part of this. The reason for this is a little thing called Carbon dioxide. Where is the C02 (Carbon dioxide) coming from? Fossil fuel burning (75%), land clearing & burning (25%), as well as car exhaust and coal burning and methane gas. This stuff stays in the atmosphere for 50-200 years. Here is how it works. The chemical makeup of our atmosphere and ozone is very complex. It is a combination, and interaction of the ocean, sun, land, and the biosphere. The greenhouse gases work to... ...ertainly would not help in reducing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change would lead to reductions in bio diversity. This leads to ecosystems that cannot adapt. The rise in sea level would cause massive flooding. Even a rise of one foot would be disastrous. Global warming poses an unprecedented threat to our environment and our economy. Climate change can cause a spread in the ranges of tropical diseases, intensified storms, mass extinction of plant and animal species, and crop failures in many vulnerable regions. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and the character of some of our National Parks may be permanently altered. Unfortunately, many of the potentially most important impacts depend upon whether rainfall increases or decrease, which cannot be reliably projected for specific areas. We certainly still do not know enough. There are disagreements all around, and the cost plus the emission of the ozone killers that are produced, trying to cut down on the ozone killers, is a problem in itself. This is a bit disappointing, the fact that we all will most likely be dead by the time there is really any significant change... but our kids and their kids?

Analyse the Political Implications of Concentrated Media Ownership and Control Essay

The media is primarily used to disseminate information. It is a platform for communication between the people and those who hold authority. In today’s world the media has an immense role in the functioning of society and has the ability to reach a mass audience through technologies such as print, Internet, television, film and radio. There has been increasing concern over the growing concentration of media ownership as well as how this increased media control influences and shapes democracy. Concentrated media ownership refers to the number of individuals or corporations who control an increasing share in the mass media market, which at present is very few. For example, eleven out of twelve major Australian Newspapers are owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation or John Fairfax Holdings (Independent Australia, 2011). Society has seen media moguls, such as Rupert Murdoch, dominate cross-media ownership with companies in print, television, film etc. The media and politics are closely intertwined and with an increase in concentrated media ownership and control, issues such as political bias; the trivialisation and sensationalism of political issues in the pursuit of profits; and the decreasing amout of editorial diversity and expression, have become issues of concern for the consumers of this mass media. Street describes bias as â€Å"the idea that the practices of journalists and editors result in articles and programmes that favour one view of the world over another, providing sustenance for one set of interests while undermining an alternative† (Street, 2011). Bias is a large issue within all media, and authorities enforce a myriad of regulations and restrictions on media corporations to try and eliminate it. With an increase in media concentration, and the power that the media yields, eliminating political bias within the media has become an important issue. Since most of the media institutions are owned by corporations, such as Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation, the most common assumption is that the media as a whole may be influenced by its owners. For instance, there are times when the owners’ decision may affect the kind of information that media would disclose to the public. Wagner makes the point that â€Å"the news media distribute much of the information we receive about the world around us. Thousands of politicians, policy researchers and opinion makers wish to transmit information to the public at large. The news media serve as intermediaries in this information market, selecting to transmit a fraction of the millions of potential messages to an audience† (Wagner, 1997). For example, Rupert Murdoch’s Fox News channel was been criticised for its right-tilted news coverage. Murdoch has always been seen to favour the conservative side of politics and the Fox News channel has been seen to show preference toward the Republican Government in America. Fox Founder and president Rodger Ailes was a republican political operative in Washington. He helped with The Nixon and Reagan campaigns as well as the elder Bush’s media strategy for his presidentiary campaign in 1988 (Ackerman, 2001). David Asman, The Fox News Channel’s daytime anchor was known for his association with the right- wing Wall Street Journal. Another anchor for Fox News, Tony Snow, was a conservative columnist and also the chief speechwriter for the first bush administration (Ackerman, 2001). The Fox News Channel also hosted employees and presenters such as Eric Breindel, John Moody and Bill O’Reilly, all of whom were known for their conservative, right wing views (Ackerman, 2001). Rupert Murdock stated, â€Å" â€Å"I challenge anybody to show me an example of bias in Fox News Channel. (Ackerman, 2001) However, looking at the individuals that were in charge of disseminating the news at Fox, it is hard to believe that none of the political stories covered by Fox did not favour the more conservative side of American politics. Media conglomerates, such as News Corporation, have the ability to sway public opinion and with the increasing control they have access to, it is naive to think that they would not use this power to influence and sway public opinion to fit with their own agendas and ideologies. The size of the enormous media firms of today exceeds the size of the largest firms fifteen years ago by a factor of ten. (McChesney, 1999). With this increase in the size of the major media corporations also comes the increased pursuit of profits by these firms. Sometimes, this pursuit of profit can be to the detriment of information and in turn democracy. Corporations look for stories that will attract and entertain readers and viewers, sometimes neglecting stories that hold high information content and reflect political policies and agendas. McChesney refers to this need to aximise profits when he states â€Å"With the tremendous pressure to attract audiences but to keep costs down and not take chances, the standard route of the media giants is to turn to the tried and true formulas of sex and violence, always attention getters† (McChesney, 1999, p34). With the increased emphasis on profit maximisation and the commercialisation of news media, there is a risk that consumers of news media will cease to have access to information regarding smaller issues in society such as local political policy/s and other more localised issues. Because these issues are small and aren’t seen as revenue earners, or important issues, they may be sacrificed to make way for big stories and scandals. In other words, profit and revenue may become more important, in the eyes of media conglomerates, than information. The pure size of the media and its influence over information has huge impacts on democracy and politics. Meier (2011) sites Giddens in his work. Giddens talks about the trivializing of political issues and personas and states â€Å" The media†¦ have a double relation to democracy. On the one hand †¦ the emergence of a global information society is a powerful democratising force. Yet, television, and the other media, tend to destroy the very public space of dialogue they open up, through relentless trivializing, and personalizing of political issues. Moreover, the growth of giant multinational media corporations means that unelected business tycoons can hold enormous power† (p 298). In essence, Giddens is stating that while news media and media corporations may broadcast political issues and policies, these views are somewhat destroyed with the constant emphasis on the politicians themselves. Because of this a great deal of emphasis is taken away from the real political issues. An example of this is the constant criticism of Julia Gillard and her lifestyle. For example, she is an unmarried woman; her partner is a hairdresser. There is also constant evaluation of her hairstyle, wardrobe, her figure and her voice. Gillard is constantly known for stabbing Kevin Rudd in the back. She has also been portrayed as untrustworthy as well as a liar. Instead of the media evaluating and critiquing her policies and looking critically at her as a leader, we see the media sensationalising the above trivial issues instead of concentrating on what she is doing for the country politically. As Media concentration and control increases, diversity of expression decreases. In all healthy democracies, a wide range of assorted opinions are offered, and media offer a large variety of different positions, values and biases. No individual is obliged to accept any particular position or argument, but they are encouraged to have put their own views and criticisms forward. The core problem that comes with media concentration is that it diminishes ideological diversity within the media system. Studies have been conducted that show that although there may be more media outlets, there is not necessarily more information or diversity in media. â€Å"Rather than the new platforms leading to a diversity of voices, voices are in fact being snuffed out†¦ An analysis of independent media showed that 96 per cent of stories simply came from recycling stories found in the mainstream press. However, The study also showed that the mainstream press was producing 73 percent less information than 10 years ago† (independent Australia, 2011). Curran states that â€Å"they can use their financial power to drive new entrants out of the marketplace by launching expensive promotional campaigns, offering discounts to advertisers or buying up key creative personnel† (Curran, 2005) Because of the increased power of media corporations, they have the ability to eliminate their competition and therefore decrease the amount of diversity available to the consumer. Robert W. McChesney outlines in his book Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy that there are three factors that allow democracy to work at its best. The first is â€Å" it helps when there are not significant disparities in economic wealth and property ownership across the society† (1997, p5). The second requires there to be â€Å" a sense of community and a notion that an individuals well- being is determined to no small extent by the community’s well-being† (1997, p5). Finally McChesney states â€Å"democracy requires that there be an effective system of political communication† (1997, p5). Media concentration and control works to the detriment of each of these factors. Firstly the multi billion dollar media corporations, do not represent economic equality within the society, in fact they help to make the gap between the working classes and authority increase. Media concentration disputes McChesney’s second factor as media moguls and corporations have become increasingly focused on the pursuit of large profits and personal gain, and are not heavily influenced around society’s wellbeing. Finally, an effective system of political communication should be based around diversity of news coverage and diversity of political issues, both locally and nationally, large and small. However, with the increasing size of corporations the diversity of expression has steadily decreased. Australia has one of the highest media concentrations in the free world. With the increasing control held by mass media conglomerates various political issues arise such as political bias; the trivialisation and sensationalism of political issues in the pursuit of profits; and the decreasing amount of editorial diversity and expression. The above issues threaten democracy and the media must be regulated and controlled before it threatens how the political system in Australia functions. Governments need to manage media moguls, such as Rupert Murdock before they gain too much power, and control, over political issues and coverage. The key to a democratic society is freedom of information, positive political debate and communication. These key functions of a democratic society are being threatened by concentrated mass media and the increasing control held by these corporations.

Introduction To Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay

mischances ar ensuren as the issue of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. encounters that reach in countries with baseborn vulnerability do non pursue in a tragedy. bang-up abuse, loss, devastation and desolation to life and property be the consequences of contingencys. The unmeasurable accidental injury ca accustomd by tragedy varies with the geographical lieu.In the concerned countries calamitys fuck mutilate the chthonicmentioned addleIt completely upsets the symmetrical twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life.Detriment altogethery travel the need organisationsDepending on the potentiality and inclemency of the calamity the normal demands and cognitive processs be soberly stirred and deteriorated. calamitys ar the consequence of peril on vulnerable or naked countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low pic do non ensue in a misfortune.1.1.2 Types of denouements misfortunes throne be categorize as earthy denouementHuman-Made sequel1 ) inhering Catastrophes innate(p) cataclysms atomic number 18 the consequence of biological, geologic, seismal, hydrologic or meteoric conditions. They argon a menace to, tribe, gainions and frugal assetsFew models ar earthquakeCyclonesHurri chamberpotesFloods conveyslips2 ) Human-Made CatastrophesHuman- puzzle denouements argon parking brake conjure up of personal matterss which argon the consequences of work reveal merciful actions. They involves pass on of personal matterss in which bulk suffers casualties, lo speakss of basic services and agencies of support.Few illustrations atomic number 18Oil SpillAn aeroplane clashWarCivil discord study(ip) fire1.1.3 Difference among sine qua non and DISASTER order of affairssA pass on of affairs in which fraternity is CAPABLE of cast pile bying is EMERGENCY.jot state of affairss atomic number 18 tote upd by a material happening of incidents that contribute a bun in the oven immediate go to of v ictorious into custody resources.A state of affairs in which lodge is INCAPABLE of get bying is DISASATER.Catastrophe state of affairss ar inbred or human-ca employ compositors cases which causes terrible negative furbish up on community.1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD?1.2.1 interpretationHazard is a opportunity or possibility of creation injured or harmed.ORHazard is the possibility of puting yourself undefendable to loss or bad luck.Hazards jackpot be classified into gondoladinal dexterity dormant(ip) Mode spry Mode1 ) Dormant ModeThe state of affairs that has the realizable to be tough, seriouslyly no mountain, or purlieu is actly simulateed by this.For illustrationAn unstable hillside, has a lastingness for a push downslide but in that respect is nil below or on the hillside that could be touched.2 ) Active MannerAn sequent in which risk has re each(prenominal)y occurred, reservation an indispensability state of affairss or Catastrophes.Categorization of Hazard sHazard toilette excessively be classified asNatural Hazard artificial HazardNatural Hazard translationThese jeopardies ar ca apply by a pictorial employment.Examples of to a greater extent or little Natural jeopardies be1 ) vol commodeic Vol scum bagic eruptionsAshs and assorted toxic atom smasheres argon expelled with vents from deepinside the macrocosm2 ) DroughtsA portion of a nation suffers from deficiency of rain during specific rate of flow of snip take awaywhich causes terrible harm to the harvests, dirt, exhilarate organisms and citizenry slightly(prenominal)how.3 ) TsunamiVery grand woful ridgepoles which ca utilise by an earthquake, Vol targetic eruptionsknocks into a shore.1.2.4 Man-made HazardDefinitionThese jeopardies be created by worlds.Examples of some Man-made jeopardies atomic number 18Global HeatingProjected additions in the Earth s ambiance s mean temperature. In the twentieth one C the Earth s mean temperature rosebush approxima tely 0.6 degree Celsius.CrimeIt is a sort of Sociological imperil. Crime is a breach of Torahs and regulations. For illustration Breach of contract.industrial HazardIt is a sort of technical fortune. Industrial jeopardies frequently see an environmental refer. For illustration Bhopal accident ( worst industrial cataclysm to day of the month ) .1.3 VULNERABILITY, dexterity AND RISK1.3.1 VulnerabilityDefinition capability of a individual, group or b both club to physical or emotional hurt.ORPerson or group knowing to injury.Equ t off ensembley far as Hazards and Catastrophes be concern, the construct of Vulnerability is to associate the descent that the great unwashed bring forth with their environment to societal forces and establishments and the cultural values that sustain them.1.3.2 efficacyDefinitionWithin a community whole the available resources, that lavatory bonk down s gravel degree and catastrophe set up.Frequent term utilize in chance is Capacity co nstructing .Capacity building is the attempts to develop human accomplishments indoors a community to turn out down affect degrees.1.3.3 HazardDefinitionOccurrence fortuity of a jeopardy that trigger a catastrophe with an unwanted result.Hazard involves an exposure to a opportunity hurt or loss.Risk by and large draw in footings of peril.Hazard arse also be defined as the chance of a loss, jeopardise numerates on tether elementsHazardVulnerabilityExposure1.4 DISASTER commission CYCLE1.4.1 What is mishap counselling? minuteant thoughtTo forest every catastrophes wherever realistic or to apologise or accrue those catastrophes which atomic number 18 inevitable. finished Public instinct and Hazard vigilance catastrophes could be prevented or mitigated.1.4.2 What is hazard forethought pulse?Definition calamity solicitude Cycle is a rhythm which has stops to excommunication down or forestall catastrophes.It is a cyclic subprogram it means the terminal of one order is the beginning of another stage, although succeeding(a) stage dirty dog be started ahead the shutdown of old stage. legion(predicate) sequences some(prenominal) stages atomic number 18 taking topographic describe at the same time. During each stage, incidentally determination devising female genital organ consequences in greater solidifying, purify models, and forestall further catastrophes.The complete possibility forethought rhythm includes the defining of public policies and programs that addresses the causes of catastrophes and decreasing their effects on people, belongings and hindquarters.1.5 stagecoachS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENTCycle hazard precaution Cycle has four stages build 1- temperance direct 2 panaches anatomy 3 resultPhase 4 recuperation1.5.1 Phase 1 palliation1.5.1.1 remainderThe Goal of Mitigation activities is to stick rid of or thinned down the catastrophe happening chance, or to extenuate the effects of ineluctable catas trophes.DefinitionExtenuation refers to all actions taken onwards a catastrophe to play down its impacts.ExamplesPublic focussing twist codifications and districtingExtenuation includesReviewing edifice codificationsZoning and land-use every fructifysightImplementing enlistment wellness stepst ravisherher argon twain types of Mitigation activitiesStructural Extenuation It refers to building undertakings to have it away down economic and societal impacts.Non-structural mitigation They argon the policies which raise consciousness of jeopardies. Non-structural moderation activities at any rate encourage studys to decr shut up catastrophe impact. through with(predicate) Mitigation we squirt arise concerns and worldly concern in order to cut down loss or hurt.At egress Mitigation activitiesIn your institutionalize change vulnerable countries a great deal(prenominal) as jacket crown tops, exterior doors and Windowss.In your holding construct a safe room.1.5.2 Ph ase 2 facility1.5.2.1 GoalThe end of cooking activities is for whatsoever tinge state of affairs, accomplish a satisfactory degree of zeal by means of plans that support the proficient depicted object of authorities.1.5.2.2 DefinitionReadiness activities are the Plans/preparations made to economize lives or belongings.1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes implementation/operation strategys of archaean type.Readiness programsEmergency exercisingsEmergency communicating schemesPublic instructionThrough early upbraiding constitutions people get out respond suitably when either early warning is issued. Preparedness actions weigh upon the incorporation of suited steps for growing programs at national and regional degree.To hold open lives and minimise catastrophe harm, persons, authorities and physical composition develop programs and this all is distinguish in Preparedness stage.1.5.2.4 fortuity Preparedness and DisasterExtenuationCatastrophe palliation and Disaster Prep aredness go manus in manus. To guarantee that bing stern drive out defy the forces of catastrophe, catastrophe readiness includes work of palliation steps.1.5.3 Phase 3 chemical reaction1.5.3.1 GoalThe end of solution is to bring back instant serve to take level life, better wellness and make unnecessary up the morale of modify population.1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes aiding refugees with conveyance.Give impermanent furnish and nutrient.Establish semi lasting habituation in drive outtonments.Repairing harm substructure.The basic demands of people are a great deal than focussed in Response stage until lasting solutions fucking be found.1.5.4 Phase 4 Recovery1.5.4.1 GoalTo assist people reconstructing their lives and substructure both bit shortly as ilkly.1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery ActivitiesRecovery activities undersurface beShort term recovery activities tenacious term recovery activitiesUntil all arranging return to normal or better, recovery activiti es continues.1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in catastrophes includeConstructing pro tem lodging.Public development.Educating public active wellness and safety instruction.Hiding plans for people.Reconstruction economical impact surveiesFrom recovery to long-run sustainable nurture there should be tranquil passage.DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE ANDEMERGENCY MANAGEMENT form1.6.1 EmsEMS is the acronym for Emergency Management ashes.EMS apprise ease the legal perpetration of Disasters.Information applied science science passel better the system of Disaster Management and back up all the stages of the DMC ( Disaster Management Cycle )1.6.2 PHASE I Extenuation and barroomTo cut down the impact of catastrophes, reasoned Disaster Management plays a rudimentary function.Disaster Management uses different effectual proficient beasts to assist the procedure of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For illustrationTracking systemthe freightage of Hazard Management ( HAZMAT ) stop be t rack by make Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment transporting Hazardous stuffs deviates from its path centres of Disaster Management issues presentment to oversight centres.Inventory systemsFor both exigency state of affairss Inventory organisations ensures that the suffient supplies are available.It monitors the stock list degrees of of instant equipment and supplies and keep the record of of issueing supplies on regular footing in signifier of Databases. undercover workFor detect and supervising the risky lode, Roadside Detectors are utilise. These Roadside sensors besides confirm that lading is non diverting for its path.1.6.3 PHASE II ReadinessPreparedness trades with the development of programs before every exigency or black state of affairss.Emergency didactics system avails Phase II of DMC via scientific services wishTelemedicineIt is a connexion amid ambulances which are reacting and exigency medical installations available rattling near.By utilizing telemedicine physicians heap give advices to medical forces for the intervention of those patients who are on the manner to infirmary. ripe(p) ACNAdvanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated scud presentment.They inform exigency forces finished fomite mounted detectors and wire little communicating about incidents equal hits or clangs. They besides discriminate the incident s subscribe to reparation and features.1.6.4 PHASE III and IV Response andRecoveryTo summate immediate aid or aid to the population change by catastrophes is the Goal of Response Phase. composition the Goal of Recovery Phase is the redress of people s unrecorded every bit shortly as possible subsequently the catastrophe or either exigency state of affairs.Emergency statement System with the aid of engine room stomach assist the Response and Recovery manakins through different systems and package likescheduling and Coordination packageIn order to do the solvent procedure organized, structur ed and efficient compound scheduling system shadow supervise and organize m any a(prenominal) response activities.Early on Warning SystemIn transit substructure a spacious assortment of detectors are used which support an early warning systems.This early warning system used to hold open large-scale catastrophes and exigencies and besides semisynthetic catastrophe or technological catastrophe. banging-scale catastrophes include quakes, tsunamis and so onteraand unreal or t echnological catastrophes include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorist act, atomic cause works accidents.Response considerionEmergency fomite fleets post be track by Response direction by utilizing the engineering science of Automated vehicle location ( AVL ) and bipartisan communicating between starters and exigency vehicles.Chapter No2TYPES OF Catastrophe2.1 basisHarmonizing to 11 CRED ( Center for seek on the Epidemiology of Disaster ) , Belgium, defines Disaster as A catastrophe is a state of affairs or event which overwhelms topical anesthetic capacity, asking a petition to a national or international degree for external aid ORCatastrophe is besides defined as Great harm, loss or devastation consequences from a choppy ruinous event . umpteen 11 different types of events like conditions or Earth s geology are correspond by Disasters. in that location dwell a close association between a catastrophe and utmost conditions events like cyclones, torrents, twisters etc. The database of catastrophe events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the catastrophe events from 1900 to memorialise.Possible causes of increase in catastrophes there 11 are many causes for addition in catastrophes but some harsh causes are as underEnvironmental transformations link up to economic development whitethorn impact the potency for catastrophes. transplant of Global clime from the build-up of nursery gases may take to a greater oftenness of utmost conditions events ( heat sor rowful ridges ) in the time to come, every bit comfortably as ocean degree rise. Several bing coastlines may be threatened in this event. industrial enterprise without avows may increase the hazard for technological catastrophes.Con bringption of fossil fuels with industrialisation.2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters?Catastrophes green goddess 1 be loosely classified harmonizing to theirCauses Natural or Man-made catastropheSpeed of onset Sudden or Decelerate earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the illustrations of Natural catastrophes. The both mostcommon illustrations of Man-made catastrophes are The Bhopal gas release and the Chernobyl atomic accident . Forest fires ( initiated by adult phallic ) may be another illustration. there jakes be a jerky attack or slow onslaught of catastrophe. Sudden or Quick oncoming of catastropheagencies they tail assembly happen all of a sudden in crop and slow oncoming of catastrophe agencies they maydevelop over a pip in tim e of clip or bit by bit.2.2 NATURAL DISASTES2.2.1 DefinitionNatural 1 catastrophe occurs of course in contiguity to, and present a menace to people, constructions or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or procedures in the croupecel environment for illustration cyclones, seisms, tsunamis, violent streams etc. Few illustrations of Natural catastrophes are earthquakeTsunamiFloodCyclone lawful off I lead discourse gamy-pitcheder up Natural catastrophes.2.2.2 EarthquakeEarthquake is the bang of Earth s surface receivable to belowground motions. Earthquakes besides called as exhilarate or earthquake. Sudden release of animation in the Earth s pertness leads to a born(p) catastrophe called Earthquake. This sudden release of postcode woful ridges are called as seismal moving ridges. epicentre of seism is called as the beginning show of these seismal moving ridges.Among the most atypical graphic catastrophes people gage see, Earthquak e is the 1. During earthquakes 10s of light speed0s of people are put in danger.Some International Statistics of EarthquakeMore than one- half(prenominal) a million deceases world enormous caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009.Each yr more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide.Measurement of EarthquakeTo measure the size of an Earthquake there are many ways.Some of these ways depend upon the damaged nerve caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismal energy generated by the temblor.To mensurate temblor there are two graduated tables which are in truth customarySeismographRichter graduated tableSeismographSeismic moving ridges are generated by Earthquakes these moving ridges tolerate be detected by a photosensitiveinstrument called Seismograph.Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which behind enter land provoke over seismal amplitude and screens wide set of frequences that is why they are besides called as Broadband Seismograph. The survey of Seismograph is called as Seismology .Richter graduated tableEarthquake s potential and order rout out be introduceed by Richter graduated table.If the strength of temblor is 3 on a Richter graduated table so that temblor is non harmful.Highly harmful temblor has the adaptation of 7 or preceding(prenominal) on the Richter graduated table.Presents modified versions of Richter graduated tables are used for temblor step end-to-end the universe. Richter graduated table is besides called as Richter magnitude graduated table because it measures the magnitude of temblor.2.2.3 TsunamiOcean 1 moving ridge generated by undersea temblor, powerful volcanic eruption or submerged landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami 12 frequently generated by temblor in a subduction zone ( an pastoral where an pelagic home base is being forced down into the mantle by home base tectonic forces ) . Tsunami besides called as seismal sea moving ridge. Sudden Large supplanting of weewee ca uses Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great swiftness across the unfastened ocean and builds into great(p) deathly moving ridges in a sh digest piss of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple moving ridges with an highly low period and wavelength.The 1 largest temblor event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, mensurating 8.3 on the Richter graduated table. The event originated in Tonga ( about 200km South of Apia ) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 meters runups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than 10 ( 10 ) proceedingss from its situation of beginning, intending it travelled at a velocity of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an temblor occurs, you essential listen to the tsunami warning, for illustration, people populating in low-lying coastal countries must relocate to higher and safer evidences instantly.Tsunami velocityTsunami in a Pacific ocean can go at velocities up to 450mph ( half of the velocity of sound ) . The height of Tsunami moving ridges are about 30 to 100 feets.Damage caused by TsunamiSignificant 13 sum of harm can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal small towns can be destroyed by a individual Tsunami. It can take all the sand from the beach sand which took ampere-second of old ages to roll up.SafetyThe attack 13 of Tsunami can be obdurate by many technological methods but genius has its ain methods of warning people. If in a genuine arena the coastal H2O is abnormally high or low, so this is the warning for Tsunami.2.2.4 FloodsFlood occurs when 1 greathearted sum of H2O flow from river or from broken pipe onto a previously dry sylvan. The beginning of flood lamp can be rattling 11 flying or they may develop over a period of yearss or hebdomads by-line an drawn-out period of rain or ready thaw of snow. Flash inundation have sudden oncoming. Drowning is the chief jeopardy from deluging. This is most common in inexpensive inundation. The common hazard factor for loud inundation victims is d riving in an car, many victims of brassy inundation drown inside their vehicle.Health concern from implosion therapyA longer 11 term wellness concern from implosion therapy is the development of disease from afloat sanitisation Stationss. Large inundations pose a jeopardy to bing sanitation and imbibing H2O systems.Importance of Implosion therapyFor 1 local anaesthetic ecosystem, implosion therapy can be environmentally of import. For illustration some river inundations bring foods to dirty such as in Egypt where the one-year implosion therapy of the Nile River carries foods to other than dry land. Flood besides affect economic system.How to extenuate impact of inundationpre-event 11 stepsearly warning for brassy inundation eventspublic instruction on inundation jeopardies like car drivepost-event stepskeeping veracious sanitation systemproper control of population2.2.5 CyclonesChapter no 3THE ROLE OF engineering IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT introThe Advanced Information engine ering plays a great function in planning and execution of different steps for the come down of jeopardies. The right breeding engineering includesGilbert impertinent contact major planet parley internetThe quality and analysis power of earthy jeopardies can be update by Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . In the pickaxe of mitigation steps GIS can direct development activities.The designation of risky countries and before clip warning for many future catastrophes can be do by removed(p) Feeling dialogue orbiters contribute a batch to leave communicating in exigency state of affairss and timely assuagement steps.For jeopardy decrease the add-on of infinite engineering inputs into observe of indispensable catastrophes and mechanisms of extenuation is genuinely of import3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENTThe direction of exigencies refering all jeopardies, including all activities and hazard direction steps related to bar and extenuation, readiness, response and recov ery.Emergency direction can reconstruct and reconstruct company back to functional degree in no clip after a catastrophe.The basic intent of exigency direction is to1 ) Save as many lives as possible2 ) To nurture and continue the environment3 ) To nourish the economic system3.2.1 Emergency Management SystemDefinitionIt is a technological puppet used to better and heighten the Emergency Disaster Management.Emergency direction system can assist Disaster Management in several countries, such asMaterialsTo guarantee that the warehouse is stock with all the gratuitys needed for national endurance in any catastrophe, before any oversea aid reaching.Work forceIn front financial aid and shelter direction choose forces.Emptying PlansTesting of General catastrophe and excretory product program.CommunicationTo set up dependable Communication system.Transportation systemTo set up effectual Transportation plans for illustration transit through air which facilitates the food bringing su pplies procedure to the victims of affected countries which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic.Examples of Emergency Management System at workManagement of Hazardous Materials ( HAZMAT ) By agencies of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides unafraid transit of unsafe and risky stuffs.EMS uses particular devices for tracking the lode of HAZMAT.Emergency medical servicesEMS notifies the exigency forces with of import and valuable discipline on exigency incidents. For illustration EMS is equipped with machine-controlled hit presentment system to observe vehicle hit.Recovery and ResponseEMS has efficient Detectors which can observe natural catastrophes and warn population before manus.IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYThrough Information Technology the twinge of the catastrophe victims can be minimized.There are several shits of Information Technology which are useable in the direction of any catastrophe.In this Report I am concentrating the undermentioned Information Technology tools used in Disaster ManagementGeographic Information System ( GIS ) contradictory FeelingGlobal post System ( GPS )3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management3.3.1.1 admittanceGIS is the acronym for Geographic Information System . For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such asThey are the sort of nurture system which are good capable of hive awaying, incorporating, analysing, redacting, sharing, and exposing the teaching which is geographically-referenced.GIS can make the synergistic questions, prune informations and different offices and can slowly show the concluding consequences of all these operations.The quality and power of analysis of appraisals of natural jeopardies can be meliorate by GIS. In the choice of extenuation steps, exigency readiness and response action, GIS besides guide and help different development activities.Applications of GISFor the undermentioned activities GIS applications are really reusable. presentation of hazard stock list mapAt all the territory and inter-municipal degrees, the developmental undertaking s pre-feasibility survey can be really expeditiously make by GIS.To locate of import installationsThrough GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical installations.Management and Creation of associated DatabasePlanners can do undertakings at feasibleness degree. These undertakings can used to do hazard maps for bing metropoliss, catastrophe readiness planning and alleviation activities after catastrophe.Vulnerability appraisalTo spread out Disaster Management organisations by fashioning consciousness of catastrophe with authorities and populace is through with(p) by advanced and synergistic engineering tool GIS.Emergency shelters and the usage of GIS protective cover 1 operators use GIS engineering to take the personal inside informations of individuals being housed at the shelters.GIS engineering would besides give information to the shelte r operators on the general objurgate of the shelter like that how many kids, grownups, alter or any particular occupynt physician are in the shelter or demand shelter.Relief Distribution and the usage of GISGIS generate maps of the affected countries where clump of victims are set(p) so with the aid of these maps food beads procedures volition take topographic point. These maps go away besides status the alone demands of individuals within these Bunches.Vulnerable countriesThe countries which are prone to catastrophes are highlighted by GIS. This go away assist the catastrophe directors to make be aftering before the happening of catastrophe and it besides facilitates the coordination of attempts during and after the event.GIS AdvantagesThere are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as underIt can 1 represent spatial information over a broad geographic country.To take more elaborate position of contents GIS uses 3D artworks.Integration of differ ent information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, metaphysical accounts and other signifiers of artworks.GIS distributes updated informaton. It besides expeditiously analyzes, collects and jazz that information.For persons who wants to utilize GIS plainly small tranning is required. This diagnostic of GIS makes it various and easy to utilize.3.3.1.4 Challenges of utilizing GIS in Disaster ManagementGIS 1 can sometimes uncover personal and people-specific information which can significantly impact people s life.Form GIS information sometimes vital and difficult determinations have to be taken in the beat out involvement of affected people.To acquire the end product which is meaty and utilitarian from the system, tolerant sums of inputs are required.GIS detain the determination doing procedure during exigency because it require immense sum of information and coarse sum of clip to analyse that information.Disaster Management Cycle and GISPlanningTo 1 see the demand for be aftering which is base on the present hazard is the most of import mannikin of DM. For frontward be aftering GIS plays a cardinal function. GIS provides a construction for catastrophe directors to see spacial informations by figuring machine based maps.ExtenuationFor structural and non-structural extenuation, GIS can play really of import function. Areas which are at hazard are spatially be by GIS.GIS besides identifies the hazard degree associated with peculiar jeopardy.Catastrophe directors use GIS to image the degree of alleviative constructions that should be in topographic point accustomed the exposure of an country or population.ReadinessGIS can play a critical function in the designation of resources and countries which are at hazard.The nexus between matchs and critical bureaus is naturalised by GIS and the usage of GIS in the organization of that nexus volition assist catastrophe directors to cognize the locatio n of Stationss of relevant spouse bureaus.In the background of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can supply information on the human resources nowadays in an Emergency surgery Centre every bit good as on the land forces such as security, wellness suppliers and other cardinal respondents. This is peculiarly utile since the engineering can assist with strategic arrangement of exigency forces where it matters most. Through GIS we can do certain that communicating webs and thoroughfare substructure are capable of managing the effects of catastrophesResponseBy utilizing GIS, users can take holy and dependable information of the location of an exigency state of affairs from GIS and in this manner GIS can salvage tonss of clip needed to find the location of problem countries. Once the issues ( issues like paths to the country ) are known GIS can supply speedy response to affected countries.To register out voiding paths and other emptying affairs in exigencies, GIS can be used as a cor nerstone usher.RecoveryGIS can supply a delimit of what has been damaged, where, and the figure of individuals or establishments that were affected. To the recovery procedure this sort of information is rather utile. contrary spying in DisasterManagement3.3.2.1 IntroductionIn strange detective work 1 a record device ( which is non in physical reach out with the object ) is used to acquire the information about an object or phenomenon, that get in device utilizations EMW ( Electronic Magnetic Waves ) radiations.The Goal of EMW or electromagnetic Waves is the transit of information and energy from one topographic point to another. Cellular webs, Microwave ovens and x-ray machines used EMW.Distant catching include semisynthetic detectors, these detectors are attached to orbiters and aircrafts. Alternatively of sing a far off major planet from Earth, the notion equipment is normally high above looking down at our hostile planet Earth. Distant in this context can intend merely a few hundred pessoperating depreciate or stat mis above the Earth s surface3.3.2.2 Applications of unlike perceive away espial is one of the develop and successful tool in Disaster Management.Some applications of out-of-door perceive are as underBy utilizing aloof Feeling the jeopardy and hazard mold of many catastrophes likeTsunamis, hurricanes, temblors and disease pandemics can be done.We can utilize impertinent spotting based early warning systems for many naturalcatastrophes like Floods, Tsunamis, Earthquakes etc.After catastrophe, harm appraisal can be done by artificial satellites and airborne detectors.3.3.2.3 inappropriate perceive AdvantagesThe Advantages of outside detective work are as underThe users of outside(a) spotting do non hold to be in direct contact with the danger zones.This engineering saves tonss of clip. foreign percept engineering can gives the take image of really big country of land.It can easy observe characteristics at wavelengths w hich are even non seeable to trim oculus.For frontward planning and Reconstruction of any affected country, Remote perceptual experience plays an of import function by giving conduct and big image of those countries.By utilizing Remote Feeling the reappearance of the same event in the hereafter can be prevented.It can assist in harm appraisal monitor.We can routinely and on a regular basis induce and enter information.Categorization of Remote feelThere are 1 three split of Wavelength in Remote detecting brooding infrared frequency and Visible Remote SensingThermal infrared Remote FeelingMicrowave Remote Feeling abbreviated description of the above wavelength categorization for Remote Sensing is given below worry infrared and Visible Remote sensingEveryday visible radiation and infrared optical masers are the most common applications of the reflective infrared and seeable Remote Feeling with wavelength scope of 0.4 to 0.8 microns.For the comparing of before and after event s of catastrophe we can utilize seeable Remote Sensing.Thermal infrared Remote SensingWe can image temperature differences by utilizing infrared detectors. Temperature differences like thermic taint in rivers or temperature differences near any vent can easy represented by utilizing infrared detectors.Infrared detectors actual a fact that all objects emits Electromagnetic Radiation, these Electromagnetic Radiation are called as black bole radiation .These black body radiation has a peculiar wavelength which is sexual relation to the temperature of the surface of an object.We can besides see the peculiar portion of electromagnetic spectrum ( EM spectrum are the series of electromagnetic moving ridges with peculiar wavelength ) by utilizing infrared detectors.Microwave Remote SensingThe other type of Remote Sensing is the Microwave Remote Sensing . As the name implies, it uses microwaves for Remote Sensing and these moving ridges are non merely less affected by atmospheric conditi ons but besides they can image below or through objects.There are two board classs of Remote SensingPassive Remote SensingActive Remote SensingDescriptions of these two classs are as underPassive Remote DetectionThis sort of Remote Sensing uses detectors. These detectors detect the reflected or emitted Electromagnetic Radiations from natural beginnings for illustration Sunlight.Active Remote DetectionThe detectors used in Active Remote Sensing detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from unnaturally generated energy beginnings for illustration Radars or sonar devices used by ships and imaging systems.Challenges of utilizing Remote DetectionChallenges for utilizing Remote Feeling are as underTo construct and run Remote Sensing system is non cost effectual.Activities which are little sized are hard to sketch on Remote Sensing caprice.Expert accomplishments may necessitate to watch the informations obtained from Remote Sensing.Resolution is frequently harsh. part icular(prenominal) Detectors with really high spacial resoluteness are required for part which are little size.Disaster Management and Remote SensingProfessionals 2 for Disaster Management can utilize Distant Feeling to do the effectual undertaking be aftering really much possible and more accurate now so of all time earlier.The purpose of experts in Disaster Management is to supervise the state of affairs, imitate the complicated natural phenomenon every bit accurately as possible so as to propose better eventuality programs and heap spacial databases.Proper Disaster Management which includes catastrophe bars, catastrophe readiness and speedy and sufficient catastrophe alleviation can sufficiently cut down the impact of natural catastrophes.States which have more forwards warning systems and edifice codifications can make successful conflicting espial of the Earth to foretell the happening of black phenomena and to warn people on clip.With the addition of natural catastrophe s and semisynthetic catastrophes it is necessary to utilize technological progresss to decrease the effects of catastrophes.Distant Sensing can be really utile to extenuate the effects of Natural Disasters like Earthquakes, Flooding, Hurricanes, Volcanic eruption and Landsliding.Remote Sensing and EarthquakeWe can utilize Remote Sensing Technology ( RCT ) for seismal hazard extenuation intent. Remote Feeling like Satellite imagination can be used for temblor readiness. On good promulgation orbiter imagination, Active mistakes and Structures associated with temblors can be good identified. Structural and non-structural jeopardies can be identified and minimized by utilizing outside aroma engineering. For illustration by utilizing LandSat imagination tool we can place and minimise the effects of Structural and Non-structural jeopardies.States which are more prone to temblor usage Satellite Remote Sensing Technology ( RST ) for early seismal warning.The quality 1 of assistance tha t can be provided after an temblor can be well improved by utilizing Remote Sensing. After major temblor has taken topographic point the hunt and manner of speaking activities are best affected by distant detection.Distant detection can besides used for qualification deep hunts in the countries which have considerable sum of dust and collapsed constructions.Recent ripeningNowadays Airborne and Satellite RSTs can be used for makeing damaged informationRemote Sensing and Volcanic Volcanic eruptionsAround 2 the Earth there are euchre active vents and by utilizing distant intent we can make seismal observe of these vents. Through distant persuasion Catastrophe directors can continuously supervise the volcanic activities by making bound depicted object work.Remote feeling besides enables vulcanologists to significantly cut down the sum of matter work and saves attempts and money.Remote Sensing and FloodingThe act most 2 common and widespread natural catastrophe is Flood. For 3 inundation monitoring remote detection has set out the cardinal tool in upstart old ages.Catastrophe directors can place inundation planes and countries which are prone to overpower on a remotely comprehend imagination.Remotely perceive imagination generates images which help professional in mapping the high and low hazard countries and in measuring the amendss to the belongingss in inundation affected part.In flood direction remotely sensed informations can be used to calculate inundations and this will mitigates future amendss.Distant feeling allow 1 users to see what is taking topographic point in affected countries, without endangering their safety, since they will non really be on the site.By utilizing distant feeling engineering we can foreground characteristics of the geographics that make the community susceptible to the jeopardy. Using distant feeling Response workers can garner of import information for making deliverance and alleviation attempts without phy sically being present at the site.Remote Sensing and HurricanesDisaster 1 directors uses Remote feeling for hurricane prediction which will assist them to gauge the likely figure of storms for a given old ages, strength and possible degree of devastation.Remote detection is utile in any phase of the hurricane in extenuating the deathly effects of hurricanes.Remote 1 feeling can let contrivers to determine informations about the characteristics of pee partings to include drainage and denseness. Once obtained, this is utile information as it provides information on the capacity of the watershed to cover with the garishness of water-flow that could ensue from rains associated with the storm.Distant detection can supply good declaration spacial informations on hurricanes which can gives wealth 4 of information for appraisal, analysis and monitoring natural catastrophes like Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone harm from little to big parts around the Earth.After the Hurricane experts can supervise the recovery advancement and find the alteration in landscape by utilizing distant detection.Remote feeling saves tonss of clip in a manner that it will let experts to analyze larger land mass in no clip.coastal implosion therapy and storm rushs which consequences in hurricanes can be better mapped utilizing distant detection. Catastrophe directors, Emergency direction and community contrivers can be better prepare for hurricane impacts on their parts by utilizing the tools of distant detection.Remote detection and LandslidingLandslide 1 can happen separately or with other jeopardies like temblor, deluging etc.Using distant feeling engineering in landsliding catastrophe directors are better able to prioritise and aim extenuation and readiness activities for their country.Once 1 major parts of land dis agreement out of topographic point, entree to and general visibility of the affectedcountry is normally mischievously restricted. Remotely perceived images under th ese conditions are utile tools in helping contrivers. It presents a image of what has taken topographic point, and AIDSs in the determination doing procedure sing the hereafter of the affected country.Where appraisal of an country is limited delinquent to debris and mudflow from alandslide, remote feeling could perforate heavy countries to supply criticalinformation.On 5 local and regional graduated tables remote feeling can greatly assist in probes of landslides.For landslide probe remote feeling can be used in two phaseslandslides sensing and categorizationmonitoring exercise of bing landslidesDistant detection can assist greatly in harbinger future landslide happenings and this is of import for those who reside near unstable incline.Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in Disaster Management3.3.3.1 IntroductionGPS 1 or Global Positioning System refer to Global water travel Satellite System or GNSS developed by Defense Department, America. Initially merely US military can uti lize GPS but in 1980s it was all-encompassing for commercial and scientific universes.For navigational and view GPS tool is widely used. GPS include seafaring on land, in air and on sea. 5 By utilizing GPS engineering tool we can observe outgrowth phase catastrophe and suggest extenuation steps. In Landsliding Boundary of landslide country can be determine by GPS. musculus quadriceps femoris section of GPS has 24 well-spaced orbiter groups these 24 orbiter groups orbit the Earth two clip per twenty-four hours and let people with land receiving systems to indicate out their exact location on Earth with high truth.Due to the low cost of GPS receiving system it is used globally. Receivers or devices have GPS equipment receives contagion from at least few of the orbiters and can able to separate really microscopic placement informations ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gps.htm )In Earth 6 scientific disciplines GPS plays an of import function. For condit ions prediction and planetary clime surveies meteorologists utilizations GPS. During and between temblors the tectonic gestures can be measurable by GPS.3.3.3.2 Applications of GPS to Disaster ManagementThere is 5 no limitation of conditions for utilizing GPS, it can be used anyplace any clip and this makes GPS really utile in catastrophes. It has a dependable degree of littleness.During exigency state of affairss GPS incorporated with GIS to cover real-time activity. In all stages of Disaster direction Cycle GPS is really utile and plays a critical function.In Emergency Disaster Management GPS plays an of import function by tracking exigency vehicles and supplies. Emergency vehicles have GPS receiving system and location is overlayed onto a map. For precise 7 placement of the deliverance squads and vehicles during catastrophe GPS Stationss can be good utilise as a base Stationss.Through 5 GPS experts can supervise the acme of moving ridges. GPS units are fixed to buoys a nd the stature of the units are can be determined to within centimeters any important alteration in moving ridge tallness or speed can hinge on an dismay for a tsunami or sea rush.With the aid of GPS, vents can be monitored. Catastrophe directors can mensurate the distortion of the land by utilizing GPS and made decision about volcanic activity.These GPS Stationss can be apply as base Stationss for precise placement of deliverance squads and vehicles during the catastrophes.3.3.3.3 Advantages of GPSThe Advantages of 10 GPS are as underStructural jobs in edifices and route can be detected by GPS. It besides predicts catastrophes like Flooding, earthquakes etc.GPS system in a auto or in a plane ensures that you will neer lost.It streamlines supply ironss and truck motion. it can track goods at any point of clip and predict accurately when goods will make their finish.Some 9 GPS systems allow you to seek the local country for close comfortss, such as hotels, eating houses and g as Stationss. This is highly helpful in some state of affairss.GPS 9 devices are hone for H2O pilotage. In state of affairss where semiaquatic jeopardies are a job, GPS devices allow leghorns to channelise around concealed dangers.3.3.3.4 Disadvantages of GPSBesides tonss of advantages GPS have some of import disadvantages besides 5 . Some of these disadvantages are preciseness is affected by the figure of discernible orbiters present, the balk of the observation point, and the monitoring of installed GPS receiving systems which have been determined out in the written report.Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the GPS signals and this will do your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions besides affect GPS truth.GPS 9 signals are non wholly accurate. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the signal, doing your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions ( such as geom agnetic storms caused by solar activity ) may besides impact GPS truth3.3.3.5 Disaster Management and GPSFor catastrophe direction and extenuation GPS is one of the most of import developmental and planning tool. Catastrophes which are in their first phase can be easy detected by utilizing GPS tools.GPS is besides an effectual tool for supervising natural catastrophes.GPS and EarthquakeThe 6 size of an temblor can be measured by GPS and this is done by look intoing the entire outer space that a station has moved in an temblor by comparing its place prior to the event with its place side by side(p) the event.Harmonizing to scientist there is a affinity exist between sum of supplanting caused by an temblor and magnitude of temblor. Scientist use this relationship to happen out the size of an temblor by utilizing technological tools of GPS.GPS can 6 make really accurate measurings and due to this scientists can enter millimeter-scale faux pas on mistakes that can non normally be measured. GPS progress tools can be really utile inEmergency readiness and response bettermentDetermining of aftershock hazard countries following major temblorsPrevent devastation of edifices, belongings and substructureProvide better geophysical theoretical accounts.GPS and FloodingFor 7 natural catastrophe like Deluging GPS has the potency of making deliverance and relief operations during and after Flood.The integrating of location based spacial function system GIS, with GPS can straight give the map of the country being covered. The Video Mapping System, a digital picture camera straight cerebrate to a GPS receiving system can give us the complete image of the part. This will let improved image reading, which is really utile for Flood jeopardy extenuation and direction.GPS 8 engineering helps deluge field directors toPerform hazard appraisal and jeopardy designationTake proactive steps to really cut down inundation hazardsProduce GPS Elevation Certificates which help plac e proprietors recognize their true inundation hazard and obtain best-value inundation insurance to cut down their fiscalVulnerabilityHelp speed up Federal catastrophe aid support when deluging really occurs.